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Mechanism of action of phase 1 drugs - Statistics
General Stats
- This quiz has been taken 11 times
- The average score is 67 of 149
Answer Stats
| Hint | Answer | % Correct |
|---|---|---|
| Bisphosphonates | alendronate, pamidronate | 100%
|
| Antacids | aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate | 100%
|
| Antiplatelet drugs | aspirin, clopidogrel | 100%
|
| HMG-CoA reductase blockers | atorvastatin, simvastatin | 100%
|
| Glucocorticosteroid for airway inflammation | beclometasone, prednisolone, hydrocortisone | 100%
|
| Thiazides | bendroflumethiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, chlortalidone | 100%
|
| Stimulant purgatives | bisacodyl, senna | 100%
|
| beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists | bisoprolol, atenolol | 100%
|
| Mixed agonist-antagonist opioid | buprenorphine | 100%
|
| Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors | carbidopa | 100%
|
| Antibiotics: Cephalosporins | ceftriaxone | 100%
|
| Antibiotics: Fluoroquinolones | ciprofloxacin | 100%
|
| Antibiotics: Lincosamides | clindamycin | 100%
|
| Weak opioids | codeine, dihydrocodeine | 100%
|
| Opioid anti-motility agents | codeine, loperamide | 100%
|
| Progesterone only contraceptives | desogestrel, levonorgestrel | 100%
|
| Combined oral contraceptives | desogestrel with ethinylestradiol | 100%
|
| Glucocorticosteroid for CNS inflammation | dexamethasone | 100%
|
| Benzodiazepines | diazepam | 100%
|
| Labour induction | dinoprostone | 100%
|
| Faecal softeners | docusate, arachis oil | 100%
|
| Anticholinesterases | donepezil, galantamine | 100%
|
| COMT inhibitors | entacapone | 100%
|
| Antibiotics: Macrolides | erythromycin | 100%
|
| HRT | estradiol, estradiol with noresthisterone, estradiol with medroxyprogesterone | 100%
|
| Histamine antagonist | famotidine | 100%
|
| Essential nutrient for pregnancy (neural tube development) | folic acid | 100%
|
| Loop diuretics | furosemide | 100%
|
| Nitrate vasodilators | glycerol trinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate | 100%
|
| NSAIDs | ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac | 100%
|
| Disease-modifying biologics | infliximab, rituximab | 100%
|
| Antimuscarinics | ipratropium, tiotropium, glycopyrronium | 100%
|
| Dopaminergic drugs | levodopa | 100%
|
| Emergency contraceptives | levonorgestrel, ulipristal | 100%
|
| Thyroid medications | levothyroxine, liothyronine | 100%
|
| ARBs | losartan, valsartan | 100%
|
| Essential nutrient for preterm labour | magnesium | 100%
|
| Antibiotics: Beta lactams: carbapenems | meropenem | 100%
|
| Bulk laxatives | methylcellulose, ispaghula husk | 100%
|
| MAOIs | moclobemide | 100%
|
| Leukotriene receptor antagonists | montelukast, zafirlukast | 100%
|
| Strong opioids | morphine, diamorphine | 100%
|
| Calcium channel antagonists | nifedipine, amlodipine | 100%
|
| Proton pump inhibitors | omeprazole, lansoprazole | 100%
|
| Antimuscarinic class (incontinence) | oxybutynin | 100%
|
| Labour augmentation | oxytocin | 100%
|
| Weak analgesics | paracetamol | 100%
|
| Dopamine receptor agonists | pramipexole, ropinirole | 100%
|
| Anticholinesterase for myasthenia gravis | pyridostigmine | 100%
|
| Menopausal osteoporosis | Selective oestrogen receptor modulator | raloxifene | 100%
|
| ACE inhibitors | ramipril, lisinopril | 100%
|
| Labour analgesics | remifentanil, pethidine | 100%
|
| Neprilysin inhibitors | sacubitril | 100%
|
| MAOI-b inhibitors | selegiline | 100%
|
| SSRIs | sertraline, citalopram | 100%
|
| Alginates | sodium alginate with sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate | 100%
|
| Potassium sparing diuretics | spironolactone, eplerenone, amiloride | 100%
|
| Alpha-1a adrenergic receptors (retention) | tamsulosin | 100%
|
| Antibiotics: Tetracyclines | tetracycline, doxycycline | 100%
|
| Methylxanthines | theophylline, aminophylline | 100%
|
| Synthetic opioid | tramadol | 100%
|
| Antibiotics: Anti-folate antibiotics | trimethoprim | 100%
|
| Anticoagulants | unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin, dalteparin, tinzaparin | 100%
|
| SNRIs | venlafaxine | 100%
|
| Essential nutrient for pregnancy | vitamin D | 100%
|
| Bone vitamins | vitamin D, calcitriol, IV calcium gluconate | 100%
|
| Thyroid medications MoA | activation of thyroid hormone receptors | 0%
|
| Selective oestrogen receptor modulator MoA | agonist, activates oestrogen receptor which stimulates osteoblast production and inhibits osteoclast activity maintaining bone density | 0%
|
| Beta-2 adrenergic agonists MoA | agonist, binds directly to beta-2 receptors activating adenylyl cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP which activates protein kinase A which acts on the myosin light chain driving Ca2+ from smooth muscle cells leading to dilation and airway muscle relaxation | 0%
|
| Opioid anti motility agents MoA | agonist binds to mu-opioid receptor in myenteric plexus reducing intestinal motility | 0%
|
| Opioid MoA | agonist, binds to mu-opioid receptors and activates G0 G-protein which switches off cAMP production, inhibits opening of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels causing reduced Ca2+ influx into the neuron, opens K+ channels in neuron which stimulates K+ outflow from neuron, this promotes hyperpolarisation of neurons reducing their activity | 0%
|
| Labour analgesics MoA | agonist binds to mu-opioid receptor suppressing pain transmission | 0%
|
| Benzodiazepines MoA | agonist, binds to specific sites on GABA-A receptors causing opening of Cl- channels enhancing the inhibitory effect of GABA, which then inhibits neurotransmitter activity | 0%
|
| Dopamine receptor agonists MoA | agonist, interacts directly with dopamine receptors in the post-synaptic neuron | 0%
|
| Alpha-1a adrenergic receptors MoA | antagonist binds to and inhibits alpha-a1 adrenergic receptors which act on smooth muscle in the bladder and promotes urine passage | 0%
|
| Leukotriene receptor antagonists MoA | antagonist binds to and inhibits CysLT1 receptors of eosinophils preventing binding of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes | 0%
|
| beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists MoA | antagonist binds to beta-1 adrenergic receptor on cardiomyocytes reducing inotropy and chronotropy | 0%
|
| Bisphosphonate MoA | antagonist, binds to hydroxyapatite, inhibits osteoclast activity reducing bone breakdown | 0%
|
| Antimuscarinics MoA | antagonist binds to m2-muscarinic receptors, inhibits cholinergic activity of smooth muscle of airway leading to muscle relaxation | 0%
|
| NSAIDs MoA | antagonist, inhibit COX activity, block production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid, reduced na channel opening, reduced depolarisation | 0%
|
| Anticholinesterase for myasthenia gravis MoA | Anticholinesterases MoA | antagonist, inhibits acetylcholinesterase | 0%
|
| MAOIs MoA | antagonist, inhibits activity of monoamine A oxidase enzyme which breaks down neurotransmitters, therefore MAOIs increase availability of selective neurotransmitters in the CNS. inhibition is reversible. | 0%
|
| ARBs MoA | antagonist inhibits angiotensin 2 receptor reducing cardiac afterload and vasoconstriction | 0%
|
| COMT inhibitors MoA | antagonist, inhibits COMT enzymes which themselves inactivate peripheral levodopa, this increases bioavailability of CNS levodopa which increases bioavailability of dopamine | 0%
|
| ACE inhibitors MoA | antagonist inhibits conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, lowering angiotensin 2 levels and reducing cardiac afterload and vasoconstriction | 0%
|
| Weak analgesics MoA | antagonist, inhibits COX activity in CNS not PNS, acts on heat-regulating centres in brain with antipyretic use | 0%
|
| Histamine antagonist MoA | antagonist inhibits h2-receptors | 0%
|
| Potassium sparing diuretics MoA | antagonist inhibits mineralocorticoid receptors/sodium transport via ENaC channels | 0%
|
| Antimuscarinic class MoA | antagonist inhibits muscarinic acetylcholine receptors which relax bladder detrusor muscle | 0%
|
| Thiazides MoA | antagonist inhibits Na+/Ck- transporter in early distal tubule | 0%
|
| Loop diuretics MoA | antagonist inhibits Na+/K+/2A-� transporters in loop of henle | 0%
|
| Anti-epileptics MoA | antagonist, inhibits of voltage gated Na channels 2. increases GABA availability | 0%
|
| Bone biologic MoA | antagonist inhibits osteoclast activity | 0%
|
| Methylxanthines MoA | antagonist, inhibits phosphodiesterase-4 which increases cAMP levels in cells which activates protein kinase A which acts on myosin light chain driving Ca2+ from smooth muscle cells leading to dilation and airway muscle relaxation | 0%
|
| SSRIs MoA | antagonist, inhibits serotonin 5HT reuptake transporters which increases availability of 5HT in synaptic cleft | 0%
|
| SNRIs MoA | antagonist, inhibits serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake transporters which increases availability of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft | 0%
|
| Proton pump inhibitors MoA | antagonist irreversibly binds to and inhibits H+/K+/ATPase enzyme in gastric parietal cells | 0%
|
| MAOI-b inhibitors MoA | antagonist, selectively inhibits the MAO enzyme to sustain neuronal dopamine levels | 0%
|
| Antiplatelet drugs MoA | antagonists that reduce platelet activation preventing thrombosis. aspirin binds to COX enzyme and inhibits thromboxane A2 production, clopidogrel binds to and inhibits ADP receptors | 0%
|
| Antibiotics: Beta lactams: carbapenems MoA | Antibiotics: Beta-lactams: penicillins MoA | Antibiotics: Cephalosporins MoA | bacteriocidal, binds to penicillin binding proteins disrupting cell wall synthesis causing cell lysis | 0%
|
| Antibiotics: Tetracyclines MoA | bacteriostatic, binds to 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis causing reduced growth | 0%
|
| Antibiotics: Lincosamides MoA | Antibiotics: Macrolides MoA | bacteriostatic, binds to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis causing reduced growth | 0%
|
| Antibiotics: Anti-folate antibiotics MoA | bacteriostatic, inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis which inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis reducing growth | 0%
|
| Antibiotics: Fluoroquinolones MoA | bacteriostatic, inhibits DNA coiling causing reduced bacterial growth | 0%
|
| Menopausal osteoporosis MoA | binds to oestrogen receptors in bone preventing osteoporosis | 0%
|
| Calcium channel antagonists MoA | blockades L-type calcium channels on vascular smooth muscle cells which promotes vasodilation | 0%
|
| Glucocorticosteroid for CNS inflammation MoA | Glucocorticosteroid for airway inflammation MoA | corticosteroid enters cell, binds and forms a complex with glucocorticoid receptor, then acts as a transcription factor enhancing expression of anti-inflammatory products and suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators | 0%
|
| Bone biologic | denosumab | 0%
|
| Labour augmentation MoA | drives myometrial contractions | 0%
|
| Anticoagulants MoA | enhances action of antithrombin 3 to inhibit thrombin and factor Xa, reduces coagulation cascade activity | 0%
|
| Device/implants contraceptives | etonogestrel, levonorgestrel | 0%
|
| Antibiotics: Beta-lactams: penicillins | flucloxacillin, benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin | 0%
|
| Essential nutrient for pregnancy MoA | foetal bone, kidney, neural and heart development | 0%
|
| Essential nutrient for pregnancy (neural tube development) MoA | foetal spinal and neural development, reduces risk of spina bifida | 0%
|
| Antacids MoA | gastric acid neutralisation | 0%
|
| Alginates MoA | gastric acid neutralisation and formation of a viscous layer when in contact with water which sits on the surface of gastric contents and reduces reflux | 0%
|
| Faecal softeners MoA | increases fat and water uptake into stool softening and increasing stool bulk which stimulates purgation and transit | 0%
|
| Osmotic laxatives MoA | increases fluid uptake within GI lumen softening and increasing stool bulk which drives colonic distention and motility | 0%
|
| Bulk laxatives MoA | increases water retention within intestinal lumen softening and increasing stool bulk which drives colonic distention and motility | 0%
|
| Disease-modifying biologics MoA | infliximab - antagonist that binds to and inhibits TNF-alpha. rituximab - binds to CD20 and depletes B cells | 0%
|
| Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors MoA | inhibits DDC enzyme activity within periphery increasing levodopa levels within periphery which increases bioavailability of levodopa in CNS | 0%
|
| Anti-proliferative agents MoA | inhibits enzymatic activity which reduces lymphocyte proliferation | 0%
|
| HMG-CoA reductase blockers MoA | inhibits mevalonate metabolism in cholesterol synthesis pathway and enhances low-density lipoprotein uptake which lowers plasma cholesterol | 0%
|
| Neprilysin inhibitors MoA | inhibits neprilysin enzyme which increases natriuretic peptide hormone levels. promotes natriuresis, reduces cardiac preload, improves renal function, decreases fluid retention and increases vasodilation | 0%
|
| Dopaminergic drugs MoA | levodopa is a metabolic precursor to dopamine, it is naturally converted into dopamine within neurons to enable dopaminergic neurotransmission | 0%
|
| Osmotic laxatives | macrogol, lactulose | 0%
|
| Anti-proliferative agents | methotrexate, azathioprine | 0%
|
| Bone hormones MoA | modulation of calcium metabolism and bone resorption | 0%
|
| Opioid receptor antagonist | naloxone | 0%
|
| Bone hormones | parathyroid hormone, calcitonin | 0%
|
| Essential nutrient for preterm labour MoA | provides neuroprotection for preterm foetuses reducing risk of cerebral palsy | 0%
|
| Nitrate vasodilators MoA | releases nitric oxide which promotes dilation of smooth muscle in coronary arteries and veins | 0%
|
| Bone vitamins MoA | restores calcium/vitamin D levels | 0%
|
| HRT MoA | restores hormone levels and function | 0%
|
| Beta-2 adrenergic agonists | salbutamol (short), salmeterol (long) | 0%
|
| Stimulant purgatives MoA | stimulates intestinal motility and purgation | 0%
|
| Labour induction MoA | stimulates myometrial uterine contractions and cervical ripening | 0%
|
| Immunosuppressive agents | sulphasalazine, penicillamine | 0%
|
| Device/implants contraceptives MoA | suppresses ovulation and alters endometrium | 0%
|
| Combined oral contraceptives MoA | Emergency contraceptives MoA | suppresses ovulation and reduces LH and FSH secretion | 0%
|
| Progesterone only contraceptives MoA | suppresses ovulation and reduces LH and FSH secretion and alters endometrium | 0%
|
| Anti-epileptics | valproate, carbamazepine, diazepam | 0%
|
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