Basic Electricity Module #1 Fundamentals of Electricity

Valence Electron - one of two or more electrons in the outer shell of an atom that is responsible for the chemical properties of the atom. | Valence electrons are of primary concern in the study of electricity because it is these electrons that explain much of electrical theory; and is closely related to the electrical properties a material will have. | A free electron is an electron that is not bound to a specific atom or molecule and is free to move within a material, contributing to electrical conductivity. Unlike electrons in an atom's energy shells, free electrons are not held by the nucleus's positive charge and are not involved in chemical bonds. Free electrons can be formed when valence electrons (outer shell electrons) break away from their parent atom and become free when sufficient energy is applied. | (source: ME) Now that I have covered the realistically possible choices: protons have a positive charge and its antiparticle would be an "antiproton" not an electron or negative proton. to be an antiparticle it would need to have the same mass and opposite charge. "Nucleic forces" also seems to be a made up thing but could either be referring to the strong nuclear force or biological cell nuclei and neither are applicable to the question.

| In the context of electricity, a "free electron" refers to an electron that is not bound to a specific atom and is free to move within a material, enabling the material to conduct electricity. | (Source: ME) Valence electrons per the previous explanation are inherently part of a single atom. absent/floating are at a minimum not commonly used terms in this context and are a really good assumption for obviously wrong answers especially given that free and valence electrons have already been mentioned in Q1. An electron that has been removed from its orbit is called a free electron. As these free electrons transfer from one atom to the next, they form what is known as electrical current, or current flow.

In order for free electrons to flow, an "electrical pressure" must be present to "push" the electrons through the conductor. This pressure is called the Electro-Motive Force (EMF), or voltage, and is created from a difference in electrical charges. A difference in electrical charges, also identified as a difference in potential, can result from positive and negative ions, an abundance of free electrons, or a combination of both. The existing difference in potential prompts the electrons to flow from "negative" (-) to "positive" (+) (electron flow as opposed to hole flow). Electrons from electron-rich atoms (negatively charged ions) flow towards electron-poor atoms (positively charged ions). The electromotive force varies in the medium that makes movement occur. EMF is measured in VOLTS. Voltage may result from these primary means: • Friction • Heat • Light • Chemical Reactions • Pressure • Magnetism | This is why you will sometimes see "E=IxR" used interchangeably with "V=IxR" | power is measured in watts W and is | for a better explanation of hole vs electron flow watch this video: https://youtu.be/MUh_dOcqgVw?si=4jsYBpMCXfN_yN4O

Electromagnetic induction only occurs if there is a magnetic field, a conductor, and relative motion between the magnetic field and conductor. The relative motion, or movement, between the conductor and magnetic field produces electricity as a result of the difference in potential between the two sets of magnetic poles; those of the conductor and the magnetic field. | Electromagnetic Induction is a current produced because of voltage production (electromotive force) due to a changing magnetic field. This either happens when a conductor is placed in a moving magnetic field (when using an AC power source) or when a conductor is constantly moving in a stationary magnetic field. |Thermoelectricity refers to the direct conversion of heat into electricity and vice versa. This conversion is achieved through the Seebeck effect (generating voltage from temperature difference) and the Peltier effect (creating temperature difference with electricity). It involves materials, including semiconductors and metals, where a temperature difference creates an electrical potential. | Electromotive force is defined as the electric potential produced by either an electrochemical cell or by changing the magnetic field. it is specifically the voltage measured when no current is flowing such as line to ground. Electromotive force is directly related to the SOURCE of potential difference, such as the particular combination of chemicals in a battery. However, emf readings differ from the voltage output of the device when actively supplying current. | Direct current (DC) is an electric current that is uni-directional, so the flow of charge is always in the same direction. As opposed to alternating current, the direction and amperage of direct currents do not change. It is used in many household electronics and in all devices that use batteries.

Electron flow describes the movement of negatively charged electrons, typically from the negative to the positive terminal in a circuit. Hole flow (or conventional current), on the other hand, is the concept of an electron deficiency or empty space, which effectively acts like a positive charge, moving in the opposite direction of electrons, from positive to negative. hole flow is a left over from before we discovered electrons and their negative charges.

if the resistance stays constant and current increases or decreases it is because the voltage changed.

Kirchhoff's Current Law, also known as Kirchhoff's First Law or the Junction Rule, states that the sum of currents entering a node (or junction) in a circuit is equal to the sum of currents leaving that node. This is a direct consequence of the conservation of electrical charge. In simpler terms, whatever current flows into a point in a circuit must also flow out of that point. | in simpliest form the formula would look like this: It = I1 + I2 or Iin = Iout1 + Iout2 or 0a = Iin - (Iout1 + Iout2) | Asimov's First law deals with robotic behavior and states a robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. (Noteably flawed due to the subjective definition of "harm".) | Kirchoff's Voltage law is covered below. | Cole's Law is thinly sliced cabbage.... if you picked this one..... you win and can go home early.....

This means that the total voltage supplied in a closed loop is equal to the total voltage dropped across the components within that loop. | in simpliest form the formula would look like this: Et = Vr1 + Vr2 or 0v = Vr1 + Vr2 - Et | Isaac Asimov's Third Law of Robotics states: "A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law". This means a robot should prioritize its own survival, but only if doing so doesn't violate the first two laws, which prioritize human safety and obedience to human orders. (notably flawed due to the potential for creating paradoxical instructions.) | Kirchoff's Current law is covered above. | Cole's Law is thinly sliced cabbage.... if you picked this one..... again..... you lose the game..... forever.....