|
Hint
|
|
Answer
|
|
what are the four types of biological molecules
|
|
carbohydrates
|
|
lipids
|
|
proteins
|
|
nucleic acids
|
|
which molecule is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
|
|
lipids
|
|
which molecule is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
|
|
proteins
|
|
which molecule contains nitrogen and phosphorus
|
|
nucleic acids
|
|
what is a smaller unit that combines to make a polymer
|
|
monomer
|
|
a large molecule made up of many repeating units of monomers joined together by chemical bonds
|
|
polymer
|
|
what is the process by which monomers join up to form a polymer
|
|
polymerisation
|
|
what type of reaction synthesises most polymers
|
|
condensation
|
|
what type of reaction breaks down most polymers
|
|
hydrolysis
|
|
A reaction where monomers join together and release a water molecule
|
|
condensation
|
|
A reaction where a water molecule is added to break a chemical bond between two molecules
|
|
hydrolysis
|
|
What is the main role of carbohydrates in living organisms
|
|
to provide energy for cells
|
|
what help cells identify each other and communicate
|
|
glycoproteins
|
|
Which carbohydrates can be used to make nucleic acids
|
|
deoxyribose/ribose
|
|
what are the three types of carbohydrate
|
|
monosaccharides
|
|
disaccharides
|
|
polysaccharides
|
|
name an example of a monosaccharide
|
|
glucose/fructose/galactose
|
|
what is the main function of disaccharides
|
|
transport
|
|
what is the main function of polysaccharides
|
|
storage
|
|
what are monosaccharides
|
|
simple sugars
|
|
what is the general formula for monosaccharides
|
|
(CH2O)n
|
|
how many carbon atoms does a pentose sugar have
|
|
5
|
|
what are the names of the two glucose isomers
|
|
alpha glucose
|
|
beta glucose
|
|
What is the primary energy source in animals and plants
|
|
glucose
|
|
Why is glucose a good energy source
|
|
soluble
|
|
bonds store a lot of energy
|
|
name an example of a disaccharide
|
|
maltose/sucrose/lactose
|
|
what is sucrose made up of
|
|
glucose and fructose
|
|
what are are complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharides joined via glycosidic bonds
|
|
polysaccharides
|
|
name an example of a polysaccharide
|
|
starch/glycogen/cellulose
|
|
what stores excess glucose and releases it to supply energy when needed (plants)
|
|
starch
|
|
What are the characteristics of starch that make it a good energy store
|
|
large and insoluble/highly branched/coiled
|
|
what stores excess glucose and releases it to supply energy when needed (animals)
|
|
glycogen
|
|
what consists of highly branched chains of alpha-glucose monomers joined by glycosidic bonds
|
|
glycogen
|
|
What are the characteristics of glycogen that make it good as an energy store
|
|
insoluble and compact/large/more branched than starch
|
|
what forms the structural component of plant cell walls
|
|
cellulose
|
|
What is the function of cellulose
|
|
provides strength and rigidity to plant cells
|
|
Which sugars are classified as reducing sugars
|
|
monosaccharides and some disaccharides
|
|
Which sugars are classified as non-reducing sugars
|
|
polysaccharides
|
|
How can you test for reducing sugars
|
|
Benedict's Reagent and water bath
|
|
What does a blue colour indicate in the reducing sugar test
|
|
no reducing sugar present
|
|
What does an orange colour indicate in the reducing sugar test
|
|
medium concentration of reducing sugar
|
|
how to determine reducing sugar concentration
|
|
colorimeter
|
|
How can you test for starch
|
|
iodine solution
|
|
what is a positive result for starch test
|
|
blue black colour
|
|
what is the role of lipids
|
|
energy supply/structural components/waterproofing/insulation/protection
|
|
What are phospholipids used as
|
|
structural components
|
|
What are most lipids made up of
|
|
fatty acids combined with an alcohol
|
|
Describe the structure of a fatty acid
|
|
carboxyl group attached to a hydrocarbon chain
|
|
what has a hydrocarbon chain saturated with hydrogen, with no carbon-carbon double bonds
|
|
saturated fatty acids
|
|
what has a hydrocarbon chain with at least one carbon-carbon double bond, causing the chain to kink
|
|
unsaturated fatty acids
|
|
How can you test for lipids
|
|
ethanol shake distilled water
|
|
What is the primary function of triglycerides
|
|
to store energy
|
|
What is the structure of a triglyceride
|
|
glycerol attached to 3 fatty acid tails
|
|
What are the components of a phospholipid
|
|
glycerol, phosphate, 2 fatty acid tails
|
|
What are the similarities between triglycerides and phospholipids
|
|
contain glycerol, fatty acids and ester bond
|
|
insoluble in water
|
|
contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen
|
|
What are the roles of proteins
|
|
enzymes and antibodies/transport and structural components/hormones and muscle contraction
|
|
What determines the properties of an amino acid
|
|
the R group
|
|
What type of bond joins amino acids together
|
|
peptide bonds
|
|
what do you call two amino acids joined by a peptide bond
|
|
dipeptide
|
|
Which test can identify proteins
|
|
biuret
|
|
What does the Biuret test detect
|
|
presence of peptide bonds
|
|
What does a blue colour indicate in the Biuret test
|
|
no proteins are present
|
|
what colour indicates present proteins
|
|
purple
|
|
What type of bonds are involved in the secondary structure of a protein
|
|
hydrogen bonds
|
|
What are the two possible shapes formed by a protein's secondary structure
|
|
alpha helix
|
|
beta pleated sheet
|
|
What holds the tertiary structure of a protein together
|
|
hydrogen and ionic bonds
|
|
disulphide bridges
|
|
hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions
|
|
What are the weak interactions between polar and non-polar R groups called
|
|
hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions
|
|
which structure has two or more polypeptide chains held together by bonds
|
|
quarternary
|
|
What are non-protein groups added to the quaternary structure called
|
|
prosthetic
|
|
which structure is the unique sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
|
|
primary
|
|
which structure is the folding of the polypeptide chain into an alpha-helix or a beta-pleated sheet
|
|
secondary
|
|
which structure is the complex 3D structure formed by the folding and twisting of the polypeptide chain
|
|
tertiary
|
|
Which type of chemical bond forms between positive and negative R groups
|
|
ionic
|
|
How do enzymes speed up reactions
|
|
lower the activation energy
|
|
what is it when a substrate(s) binds to an enzyme
|
|
enzyme substrate complex
|
|
What is formed during an enzyme-catalysed reaction
|
|
products
|
|
which enzymes act within the cells that produce them
|
|
intracellular enzymes
|
|
which model suggests that enzymes have a specific active site that perfectly fits the substrate(s)
|
|
lock and key
|
|
which model proposes that the enzyme's active site changes shape when the substrate(s) bind, putting a strain on the substrate's bonds and lowering the activation energy
|
|
induced fit
|
|
Name a factor that can cause an enzyme to denature
|
|
high temperature/extreme ph
|
|
Name factors that affect the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions
|
|
temperature and ph/substrate and enzyme concentration
|
|
in which solutions do H+ ions break ionic or hydrogen bonds and denature the enzymes
|
|
acidic
|
|
in which solutions do OH- ions break ionic or hydrogen bonds and denature the enzymes
|
|
alkaline
|
|
what increases the rate of reaction until eventually the rate of reaction plateaus
|
|
increasing substrate or enzyme concentration
|
|
what are molecules that bind to enzymes to reduce their activity
|
|
inhibitors
|
|
what do reversible inhibitors do
|
|
form weak bonds with the enzyme
|
|
what do irreversible inhibitors do
|
|
form strong bonds with the enzyme
|
|
what are molecules that bind to the active site of the enzyme
|
|
competitive inhibitors
|
|
what are molecules that bind to enzymes away from the active site
|
|
non competitive inhibitors
|
|
which inhibitors decrease the rate of reaction by preventing the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes
|
|
competitive
|
