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forensic toxicology - plant toxins - glycosides - Statistics
General Stats
- This quiz has been taken 1 time
- The average score is 2 of 28
Answer Stats
| Hint | Answer | % Correct |
|---|---|---|
| what is cyanide? | a glycoside with the aglycone cyanide (HCN) - a cyanogenic glycoside | 100%
|
| what are glycosides? | any molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond | 100%
|
| what is the LD50 of cyanide? | 1.5mg/kg | 0%
|
| what are saponin glycosides? | amphipathic molecules consisting of a hydrophilic glycoside coupled to a hydrophobic aglycone (they are detergents) | 0%
|
| what have cardiac glycoside drugs been used to treat? | arrhythmias and congestive heart failure | 0%
|
| how can this lead to a toxic effect? | because the cells are unable to use oxygen for metabolism, they essentially die through hypoxia | 0%
|
| can also block acetylcholinesterase | 0%
| |
| what are the types of glycosides we're interested in for this unit? | cardiac (steroidal) glycosides | 0%
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| CN- attaches to the iron in cytochrome c oxidase (a+a3) | 0%
| |
| cyanogenic glycosides | 0%
| |
| what is an example of a cardiac glycoside drug? | digoxin | 0%
|
| final symptoms: seizures and cardiac arrest | 0%
| |
| increased Na+ levels also inhibits the NCX pump, which brings Na+ in and moves Ca2+ out | 0%
| |
| what are the physiological consequences of cyanide toxicity? | initial symptoms: weakness, confusion, dizziness, headache, and cherry-red skin | 0%
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| how has the mechanism of action of cardiac glycosides allowed them to be developed into a therapeutic medication? | in low doses, it helps the heart muscle to contract | 0%
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| what is the mechanism of action of cyanide? | in solution HCN produces cyanide ions (CN-) | 0%
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| saponin glycosides | 0%
| |
| what is a aglycone? | the non-sugar part of a glycoside | 0%
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| what is their toxic action? | they are haemolytic and cause lysis of red blood cells if injected | 0%
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| they bind to the pump and stabilise it in a transitional state (meaning it can no longer move Na+ out of the cell, so concentration in the cell decreases | 0%
| |
| what is the mechanism of action of cardiac glycosides? | they target Na+/K+ pumps in cell membranes | 0%
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| this binding prevents the transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen | 0%
| |
| this is followed by loss of consciousness | 0%
| |
| this means Ca2+ level in the cell also increase, which is taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulum | 0%
| |
| this shuts down the mitochondrial electron transport chain | 0%
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| toxic action is primarily through membrane disruption | 0%
| |
| when Ca2+ is release, myocyte contraction is faster and more powerful | 0%
| |
| which means the cell is no longer capable of aerobic respiration | 0%
|
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