AP Bio Units 2 and 3

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Last updated: September 21, 2023

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Hint	Answer
macromolecule	carbohydrates
macromolecule	lipids
macromolecule	proteins
macromolecule	nucleic acids
carbons have 4 stable...	covalent bonds
carbon atoms or versatile...	building blocks
organic chemistry is the study of...	carbon
are hydrocarbons hydrophilic or hydrophobic	hydrophobic
non polar or polar?	non polar
functional groups make carbons...	hydrophilic
hydroxyl formula:	-OH
compound name:	alcohol
carbonyl formula:	C=O
compound name:	aldehydes and ketones
are ketones on the end or in the middle?	middle
carboxyl formula:	-COOH
compound name:	carboxylic acids
amino formula:	-NH2
compound name:	amines
sulfhydryl formula:	-SH
compound name:	thiols
phosphate formula:	-PO4
compound name:	organic phosphates
are non-ionized molecules weaker or stronger?	weak
what does SH stabilize?	proteins

Hint	Answer
pH + pOH =	14
pH was a what increase?	10 fold
why do substances react?	they want to be stable
in H2O, how is hydrogen bonded to oxygen?	covalent
how is H2O bonded to another H2O?	hydrogen
is water polar or non-polar?	polar
covalent bonds form...	molecules
how is a pair of electrons shared in a non-polar covalent bond?	equally
how is a pair of electrons shared in a polar covalent bond?	unequally
examples of hydrogen bonds:	DNA strands
examples of hydrogen bonds:	enzymes to substrates
examples of hydrogen bonds:	antibodies to antigens
examples of hydrogen bonds:	neurotransmitters to receptors
examples of hydrogen bonds:	hormones to receptors
properties of water:	cohesion and adhesion
properties of water:	good solvent
properties of water:	lower density as a solid
properties of water:	high specific heat
properties of water:	high heat of vaporization
what disolves in water? hydrophobic or hydrophilic?	hydrophilic
what controls pH level?	buffer
four elements of living matter:	carbon
four elements of living matter:	hydrogen
four elements of living matter:	oxygen
four elements of living matter:	nitrogen