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Hint
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Textbook Chapter
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Answer
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A regional political and economic organization focused on Arab unity and development.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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Arab League
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A series of public protests, strikes, and rebellions in the Arab countries in early 2011, often facilitated by social media, that called for fundamental government and economic reforms.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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Arab Spring
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Migration of the best-educated people from developing countries to developed nations where economic opportunities are greater.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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brain drain
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Strategic setting where narrow waterways or other narrow passages are vulnerable to military blockade disruption.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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choke point
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An area of historical cultural innovation.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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culture hearth
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The purposeful selection and breeding of wild plants and animals for cultural purposes.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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domestication
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A river that issues from a humid area and flows into a dry area otherwise lacking streams.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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exotic river
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An ecologically diverse zone of lands in Southwest Asia that extends from Lebanon eastward to Iraq and that is often associated with early forms of agricultural domestication.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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Fertile Crescent
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Water supplies that were stored underground during wetter climatic periods.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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fossil water
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An organization created in 2005 by 17 members of the Arab League that is designed to eliminate all intraregional trade barriers and spur economic cooperation.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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Greater Arab Free Trade Area/GAFTA
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An Islamic religious pilgrimage to Makkah. One of the five essential pillars of the Muslim creed to be undertaken once in life, if an individual is physically and financially able to do it.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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Hajj
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The interplay of water resource issues and politics.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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hydropolitics
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A violent Sunni extremist organization that has seen its territorial influence in Iraq and Syria reduced as it attempts to create a new religious state (a caliphate) in the region.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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ISIS
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A movement within both the Shiite and Sunni Muslim traditions to return to a more conservative, religious-based society and state.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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Islamic fundamentalism
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A political movement within the religion of Islam that challenges the encroachment of global popular culture and blames colonial, imperial, and Western elements for many of the region’s problems.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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Islamism
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The eastern Mediterranean region.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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Levant
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A region in northwestern Africa that includes portions of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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Maghreb
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The original urban core of a traditional Islamic city
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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medina
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A religious belief in a single God.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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monotheism
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An international organization (formed in 1960) of 12 oil-producing nations that attempts to influence global prices and supplies of oil. Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela are members.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries/OPEC
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A large, Turkish-based empire (named for Osman, one of its founders) that dominated large portions of southeastern Europe, North Africa, and Southwest Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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Ottoman Empire
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A quasi-governmental body that represents Palestinian interests in the West Bank and Gaza.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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Palestinian Authority/PA
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A traditional subsistence agricultural system in which practitioners depend on the seasonal movements of livestock within marginal natural environments.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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pastoral nomadism
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A population statistic that relates the number of people in a country to the amount of arable land.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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physiological density
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A book of divine revelations received by the prophet Muhammad that serves as a holy text in the religion of Islam.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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Qur'an
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The accumulation of salts in the upper layers of soil, often causing a reduction in crop yields, resulting from irrigation using water with high natural salt content and/or irrigation of soils that contain a high level of mineral salts.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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salinization
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Conflicts that divide people along ethnic, religious, and sectarian lines.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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sectarian violence
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Muslim that practices one of the two main branches of Islam. _____ are especially dominant in Iran and nearby southern Iraq.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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Shiite
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A pivotal waterway connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean opened by the French in 1869.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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Suez Canal
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A Muslim who practices the other dominant branch of Islam.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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Sunni
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A political state led by religious authorities
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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theocratic state
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A form of pastoralism in which animals are taken to high-altitude pastures during the summer months and returned to low-altitude pastures during the winter.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia
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transhumance
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Legal protection for refugees who are victims of ethnic, religious, or political persecution in other parts of the world.
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Europe
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asylum laws
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A geopolitical term and concept to describe the breaking up of large political units into smaller ones, the typical example being the replacement of the former Yugoslavia
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Europe
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balkanization
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Short for “Britain’s exit,” the June 2016 referendum by United Kingdom voters to leave the European Union.
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Europe
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Brexit
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An array of nonaligned or friendly states that “buffer” a larger country from invasion. In Europe, keeping a buffer zone has been a long-term policy of Russia
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Europe
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buffer zone
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An ideological struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union that was conducted between 1946 and 1991.
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Europe
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Cold War
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A climate region in a continental interior, removed from moderating oceanic influences, characterized by hot summers and cold winters. In such a climate, at least one month must average below freezing.
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Europe
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continental climates
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A form of government with a democratically elected government and a royal figurehead that serves as the symbolic head of state, as in the United Kingdom with an elected parliament and the Queen as symbol of the country.
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Europe
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constitutional monarchy
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An alphabet based on the Greek alphabet and used by Slavic languages heavily influenced by the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is attributed to the missionary work of Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 9th century.
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Europe
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Cyrillic alphabet
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The ceding of certain powers from central government authorities to lower political units, such as regions or cities.
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Europe
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devolution
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An institution created by the European Union (EU) in 1999 to facilitate economic matters among member states, including usage of a common currency.
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Europe
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Economic and Monetary Union/EMU
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The current association of 28 (soon 27) European countries that are joined together in an agenda of economic, political, and cultural integration.
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Europe
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European Union/EU
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The common monetary policy and currency of the European Union
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Europe
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Eurozone
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Public policies that encourage higher birth rates. An example would be extended maternity and paternity leaves for parents of a newborn.
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Europe
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family-friendly policies
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Flooded, glacially carved valley. In Europe, ______ are found primarily along Norway’s western coast and much of Iceland’s coast.
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Europe
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fjords
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Any language that is part of the world’s largest language family coming from one ancestral language.
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Europe
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Indo-European
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Technological change beginning in the 18th century when European factories first switched from using animate power (human and animal) to inanimate power (water and coal) to power machines.
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Europe
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Industrial Revolution
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A term coined by British leader Winston Churchill during the Cold War to define the western border of Soviet power in Europe.
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Europe
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Iron Curtain
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A state or national policy of reclaiming lost lands or those inhabited by people of the same ethnicity in another nation-state.
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Europe
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irredentism
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The alphabet devised by the ancient Romans that is used today for writing most European languages, including English.
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Europe
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Latin alphabet
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A moderate climate with cool summers and mild winters that is heavily influenced by maritime conditions.
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Europe
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marine west coast climate
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A unique climate, found in only five locations in the world, characterized by hot, dry summers with very little rainfall.
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Europe
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Mediterranean climate
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A relatively homogeneous cultural group (a nation) with its own political territory
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Europe
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nation-state
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Initially this organization was a group of North Atlantic and European allies who came together in 1949 to counter the Soviet threat to western Europe.
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Europe
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization/NATO
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A 2015 international agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change signed by most of the world’s countries and aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to global climate change.
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Europe
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Paris Agreement
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The 1985 agreement between most European Union member countries and some neighbors to reduce border formalities in order to facilitate freer movement of Europeans between countries for work, study, or tourism.
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Europe
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Schengen Agreement
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The Cold War military alliance of eight Soviet-controlled eastern European states created to counter the west’s NATO Pact.
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Europe
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Warsaw Pact
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Key central Siberian railroad connection completed in the Soviet era (1984), which links the Yenisey and Amur rivers and parallels the Trans-Siberian Railroad.
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Eurasia
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Baikal–Amur Mainline Railroad/BAM
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A member of the Russian Communist movement led by Lenin that successfully took control of the country in 1917.
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Eurasia
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Bolshevik
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An economic system in which the state sets production targets and controls the means of production.
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Eurasia
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centralized economic planning
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A Russian term for dark, fertile soil, often associated with grassland settings in southern Russia and Ukraine.
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Eurasia
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chernozem soils
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An ideological struggle/conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union that was conducted between 1946 and 1991.
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Eurasia
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Cold War
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A political belief based on the writings of Karl Marx, in which all property is publicly owned and all workers are paid according to their abilities and needs.
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Eurasia
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communism
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Highly mobile Slavic-speaking Christians of the southern Russian steppe who were pivotal in expanding Russian influence in 16th- and 17th-century Siberia.
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Eurasia
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Cossacks
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the global scattering of people
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Eurasia
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diaspora
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A loose confederation of self-governing churches in eastern Europe and Russia that are historically linked to Byzantine traditions and to the primacy of the patriarch of Constantinople (Istanbul).
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Eurasia
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Eastern Orthodox Christianity
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A customs union (paralleling the European Union [EU]) designed to encourage trade as well as closer political ties between member states. Formed in 2015, the ____ contains five member states (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia, and Kyrgyzstan).
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Eurasia
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EEU/Eurasian Economic Union
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A program of partially implemented, planned economic reforms (or restructuring) undertaken during the Gorbachev years in the Soviet Union and designed to make the Soviet economy more efficient and responsive to consumer needs.
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Eurasia
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perestroika
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A portion of a country’s territory that lies outside its contiguous land area.
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Eurasia
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exclave
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A collection of Soviet-era labor camps for political prisoners, made famous by writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.
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Eurasia
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Gulag Archipelago
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(a practice that includes women being lured or abducted into prostitution, the commercial sex industry, or forced labor)
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Eurasia
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human trafficking
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A policy of greater political openness initiated during the 1980s by then Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev.
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Eurasia
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glasnost
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A term coined by British leader Winston Churchill during the Cold War to define the western border of Soviet power in Europe. The notorious Berlin Wall was a concrete manifestation of the Iron Curtain.
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Eurasia
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Iron Curtain
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A large, state-constructed urban housing project built during the Soviet period in the 1970s and 1980s.
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Eurasia
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mikrorayon
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An ice-free channel along Siberia’s northern coast that will grow in importance given sustained global warming.
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Eurasia
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northern sea route/NSR
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A small group of wealthy, very private businessmen who control (along with organized crime) important aspects of the Russian economy.
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Eurasia
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oligarchs
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A cold-climate condition in which the ground remains permanently frozen.
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Eurasia
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permafrost
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A Russian term for an acidic soil of limited fertility, typically found in northern forest environments.
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Eurasia
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podzol soil
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A policy of the Soviet Union designed to spread Russian settlers and influences to non-Russian areas of the country.
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Eurasia
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Russification
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Members of military and security forces within Russia.
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Eurasia
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Siloviki
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A group of peoples in eastern Europe and Russia who speak Slavic languages, a distinctive branch of the Indo-European language family.
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Eurasia
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Slavic Peoples
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A artistic style once popular in the Soviet Union that was associated with realistic depictions of workers in their patriotic struggles against capitalism.
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Eurasia
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Socialist Realism
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Created in 1917, a sprawling communist state that dominated the region until 1991. Also known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (or USSR).
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Eurasia
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Soviet Union
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The vast coniferous forest of Russia that stretches from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean. The main forest species are fir, spruce, and larch.
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Eurasia
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Taiga
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A key southern Siberian railroad connection completed during the Russian empire (1904) that links European Russia with the Russian Far East terminus of Vladivostok.
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Eurasia
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Trans-Siberian Railroad
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A Russian term (also spelled czar) for “Caesar,” or ruler. Tsars were the authoritarian rulers of the Russian empire before its collapse in the 1917 revolution.
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Eurasia
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Tsar
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A Russian-led military association that includes Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. The ____ and SCO work together to address military threats, crime, and drug smuggling.
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Central Asia
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CSTO/Collective Security Treaty Organization
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Semiarid grasslands found in many parts of the world. Grasses are usually shorter and less dense in steppes than in prairies.
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Central Asia
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steppe
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A traditional subsistence agricultural system in which practitioners depend on the seasonal movements of livestock within marginal natural environments.
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Central Asia
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Pastoral Nomadism
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A fan-shaped deposit of sediments dropped by a river or stream flowing out of a mountain range.
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Central Asia
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Alluvial Fan
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A fine, wind-deposited sediment that makes fertile soil but is very vulnerable to water erosion.
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Central Asia
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Loess
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moving their flocks from lowland pastures in the winter to highland meadows in the summer.
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Central Asia
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transhumance
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harsh islamic governmental group
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Central Asia
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Taliban
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The leader of the Tibetan Buddhist faith. The current Dalai Lama is an important advocate for Tibetan rights.
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Central Asia
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Dalai Lama
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A political state led by religious authorities
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Central Asia
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theocracy/theocratic state
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A country that is situated between much stronger countries, and which is intended to reduce conflicts between those more powerful countries by preventing them from sharing a common border.
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Central Asia
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buffer state
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A capital city deliberately positioned near a contested territory, signifying the state’s interest and presence in this zone of conflict
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Central Asia
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forward capital
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An historical trade route that extended across Central Asia, linking China with Europe and Southwest Asia.
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Central Asia
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Silk Road
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