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Hint
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Answer
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Calcium deficiency typical example
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Blossom end rot
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Bacteria involved in nitrogen fixation
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Bacteriod
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Functional plant unit that includes a node, internode, leaf, and apical meristem
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Phytomer
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Group of similar cells working together
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Plant tissue
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Signal that initiates nodulation on the plant
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Nod factor
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Compounds released in strategy 2 for iron uptake
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Phytosiderophore
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Enzyme that is involved in cell growth/expansion
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Expanisn
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Specialized membrane proteins that enable plants to absorb essential nutrients
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High affinity transporters
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Plant essential nutrient that is involved with the breakdown of nitrogen using nitrogenase
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Molybdenum
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Micronutrients
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Copper
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Iron
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Nickel
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Zinc
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Manganese
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Molybdenum
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Boron
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Chlorine
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Macronutrients
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Nitrogen
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Potassium
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Phosphorus
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Calcium
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Sulfur
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Magnesium
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Phytohormone responsible for green revolution due to GA adjustments resulting in semidwarf varieties that put more energy into seed production instead of stem growth, resulting in sturdier plants, important in seed germination
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Gibberellin
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Growth in Thompson Seedless grapes, stimulation of barley malting in the beer-brewing industry, increasing sugar yield in sugarcane, Reduce stem length/lodging in wheat, Pix (mepiquat chloride) reduces production of gibberellin in the plant, used in floral crops to control the size of container-grown ornamental plants
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Commercial GA uses
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Promotes shoot cell division, regulates auxin action and distribution, delays leaf senescence, promotes nutrient movement, involved in the formation of N-fixing nodules in legumes
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Cytokinin
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Regulation of auxin action and distribution
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Morphogenesis
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Nitrogenase enzyme is highly sensitive to inhibition by this gas
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Oxygen
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3 protection mechanisms employed to keep the concentration of O2 in check to prevent from inhibiting N fixation
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Oxygen permeability barrier
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Cytochrome complex
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What approaches do plants use to regulate the concentration of active hormones within a tissue
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Biosynthesis
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Transport
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Compartmentation
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Modulation
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Breakdown of no longer needed hormones
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Catabolism
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Synthesized by the embryo, released into the endosperm by the scutellum, diffuse to the aleurone layer, synthesizing alpha-amylase and other hydrolases into the endosperm, starch and other macromolecules broken down, absorbed by the scutellum and transported to growing embryo
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Role of GA in seed germination
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Remobilization of nutrients
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Benefit of senescence
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Ability of cells to change in form and function during plants growth and development
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Differentiation
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Promotes stem growth while inhibiting root growth, tropism, regulation of developmental effects
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Auxin
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High auxin:cytokinin ratio leads to
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Root growth
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Low auxin:cytokinin ratio leads to
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Shoot growth
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Balanced auxin:cytokinin ratio leads to
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Callus production
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Promotes ripening of climacteric fruits, induces lateral cell expansion, inhibits growth, breaks seed and bud dormancy in some species, promotes elongation growth of submerged aquatic species, induces the formation of roots and root hairs, maintains the hooks of dark-grown seedlings, enhances rate of leaf senescence, acts on the abscission layer
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Ethylene
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Induction and maintenance of dormancy in seeds, induction of storage protein synthesis in seeds, stomatal closure, promotion of root growth and inhibition of shoot growth under water deficit stress, promotes leaf senescence
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ABA
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Sucrose formation from triose phosphate formed by photosynthesis, sucrose movement across a few cell layers to the vicinity of the sieve elements, apoplastic/symplastic loading
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Phloem loading
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Regulation of the distribution of fixed carbon into various metabolic pathways
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Allocation
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Differential distribution of photosynthates within the plant
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Partitioning
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Regeneration of intermediates in the C3 photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle, meets energy needs of the cell
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Metabolic utilization
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Osmoticum, Essential for oxygen evolving complex of PSII, Activation of tonoplast, regulation of stomatal aperture, may be required for cell division,
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Chlorine
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Redox system proteins, protein synthesis, chloroplast development, photosynthesis, respiration,
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Iron
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Cell elongation, nucleic acid synthesis, hormone responses, membrane function, pollen germination/tube growth
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Boron
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Enzyme activation, oxygen evolving complex, photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism
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Manganese
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Enzyme component, enzyme activation, protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, auxin metabolism, DNA replication and gene expression
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Zinc
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Redox reactions, copper proteins, carbohydrate/lipid/nitrogen metabolism, lignification, pollen formation and fertilization
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Copper
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Ni-containing enzymes (urease, hydrogenase)
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Nickel
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Redox reactions, nitrate reductase, nitrogenase, xanthineoxidase/dehydrogenase
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Molybdenum
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Time frame of N2 fixation after Nod factor recognition
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10 to 21 days
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