Plant Structures/Functions Exam 2 - Statistics

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The average score is 6 of 20

Answer Stats

Hint	Answer	% Correct
pressure driven, long distance flow of water through the xylem through the soil and cell walls, movement of molecules "en masse", based on a pressure gradient	Bulk flow	100%
Moves photosynthate from the leaves to the roots and to flowers/seeds	Phloem	80%
Estimated 5 million species, fruiting bodies can grow all year, break down dead organisms for energy, can be pathogenic and feed off living organisms as for energy as well	Fungi	75%
Phase 1 of Sequential Leaf Senescence, leaves transition from Nitrogen sink to Nitrogen source, photosynthesis declines, early signaling events occur	Initiation phase	75%
Rough percentage of wavelengths being absorbed	50	71%
Main element of stomatal mechanics	Potassium	71%
Rough percentage of energy that is turned into carbohydrates	5	67%
Allowing of water and small uncharged substances to move across membranes easier than larger solutes and charged substances	Osmosis	67%
Sugars not translocated by the phloem, act as reducing agents and donate electrons to other molecules, glucose & fructose with an exposed aldehyde/keytone group	Reducing Sugars	67%
12 O2 + 49H+ + 48e- --> 24 H2O	Reduction of Oxygen	67%
The shoot apical meristem plus overlapping leaf primordia	Shoot apex/terminal bud	67%
What happens due to uneven chlorophyll throughout cells	Sieve effect	63%
Approximate number of H2O molecules lost to gain one CO2 molecule	400	60%
Term for leaf venation in grasses/monocots	Parallel	57%
Gated channels that allow water movement	Aquaporins	50%
Found nearly exclusively in land plants, prevents Rubisco from being an oxygenase, accumulates CO2 from Malate	C4 Carbon Cycle	50%
Sugars are converted to hexophosphates (fructose+glucose), which become phosphorylated and split, resulting in 2 trio-phosphates, trio phosphates are oxidized and rearranged to get 1 molecule of pyruvate	Glycolysis	50%
Layer where spores are produced in mushrooms, can be tubular/lamellar/spiny/labyrinthine/smooth	Hymenophore	50%
Shoot apical meristem is continuously meristematic	Indeterminate Growth	50%
The "wreathlike" arrangement of mesophyll cells around a layer of bundle sheath cells, two concentric layers of photosynthetic tissue surround the vascular bundle, typically in C4 plants	Kranz anatomy	50%
State of phloem cell walls	Non-lignified	50%
Sugars translocated by the phloem, have aldehyde/keytone groups reduced to an alcohol or combined with other sugars	Non-reducing sugars	50%
Can be carried out in cytosol or plastids, NADPH is generated when glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to ribose-5-phosphate, ribulose-5-phosphate is converted to fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate through metabolic interconversions	Pentose Phosphate Pathway	50%
The collective term for any type of leaf or modified leaf on a plant	Phyllome	50%
How much leaf adjustment takes place in acclimation process	Plasticity	50%
Occurs mostly in grana lamellae, light comes in @ 680nm, water is oxidized, hydrogen is converted and lost, 2 H2O --> O2 + 4H- + 4e-	PS2	50%
Ribose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase	Rubisco	50%
Most photosynthesis occurs in...	Spongy mesophyll	50%
Technical name for most membranes in a chloroplast	Thylakoids	50%
Rubisco acts as an oxygenase instead of a carbonate; uptake of atmospheric O2 with a concomitant release of CO2 by leaves in the light, molecular oxygen serves as a substrate for Rubisco, producing 2-phosphoglycolate that enters the photo-respiratory cycle, the activity of the cycle recovers some of the carbon found in 2-phosphoglycolate, but some is lost to the atmosphere	Photorespiration	43%
Senescence-promoting hormone, accelerates leaf and flower senescence	Ethylene	40%
Phase 3 of Sequential Leaf Senescence, loss of cell integrity, cell death, leaf abscission	Terminal phase	40%
Developmental process in which leaves express a set of biochemical and morphological adjustments that are suited to a particular environment in which the leaves are exposed, can happen in new or old leaves	Acclimation	33%
CO2 captured through stomata at night, malic acid is stored in vacuole until daytime to preserve moisture and continue plant functions, aka CAM	Crassulacean Acid Metabolism	33%
Phase 2 of Sequential Leaf Senescence, dismantling of cell constituents, degradation of macromolecules, mobilization of nutrients from leaf to stem via the phloem	Degenerative phase	33%
Proportionality constant that measures how easily a substance moves through a particular medium	Diffusion coefficient	33%
Stacks of thylakoids	Granum	33%
Leaf is fully healthy and functional before any signals indicating otherwise, a gradient of auxin from the leaf blade to the stem maintains the abscission zone in an insensitive state	Leaf maintenance phase	33%
50% of sunlight provided to forest floor is provided through...	Sunflecks	33%
Death of entire plant	Whole plant senescence	33%
Energy from sunlight energizes an electron in chlorophyll, moves along electron-transport chain in thylakoid membrane, aka photosynthetic electron-transfer reactions	Light reactions	29%
Complex 5	ATP synthase	25%
Uses products from earlier in Redox process to make ATP	ATP synthase	25%
Source to sink model for auxin flow, hypothesizes that auxin flows through tissues it stimulates, polarizing its own transport which becomes channelized over time, forming files of cells leading away from the auxin source which differentiates into vascular tissue	Auxin canalization model	25%
Carbon fixation step, takes carbon from CO2 molecule and glues it to Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate, creating a 6 carbon chain, which is divided into 2, releasing O2	Carboxylation phase	25%
Complex 3, oxidize the reduced ubiquinone and transfer to cytochromes	Cytochrome Bc complex	25%
When some incoming light is propagated through the central vacuoles of palisade cells and air space	Light Channeling	25%
C12H22O2 --> 12 CO2 +11 H2O	Net Reaction	25%
Connections between different stacks of thylakoids	Stroma lamellae	25%
In mitochondria, pyruvate brought into mitochondria and is decarboxylated and turned into Acytl-CoA, which goes through a series of conversions, "citric acid cycle"	Tricarboxylic Cycle	20%
Shoot apical meristem stops differentiating, ends as a terminal organ or stopping of growth	Determinate growth	17%
Trio phosphates are oxidized and rearranged to get 1 molecule of pyruvate	Glycolysis Energy Conserving phase	17%
Air pockets generate interfaces between air/water that reflect and refract light	Interface light scattering	17%
Restores pool of ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate	Regeneration phase	17%
Process by which energy is released and stored as ATP for short term plant growth and development	Aerobic Respiration	14%
Water uptake driven by root pressure pushes air bubbles out of xylem that have formed over consecutive freeze/thaw cycles	Cavitation	14%
The separation of cell layers that happens at the bases of leaves, flowers, and fruits which allows them to be dropped without harm to the plant	Abscission	0%
Reduction or reversal in auxin gradient from the leaf blade causes the abscission zone to become sensitive to ethylene; ethylene concentration rises	Abscission induction phase	0%
Sensitized cells of the abscission zone respond to low concentrations of endogenous ethylene by synthesizing and secreting cell wall-degrading enzymes and cell wall-remodeling proteins	Abscission phase	0%
Alternative to aerobic respiration, used when sufficient oxygen isn't present	Alcoholic Fermentation	0%
Made of light/pigment molecules, leads to reaction centers	Antenna complex	0%
Energy from light reactions drives conversion of CO2 to carbohydrate in the chloroplast stroma, known as dark reactions in the past or Calvin-Benson Cycle; Composed of Carboxylation, Reduction, and Regeneration phases	Carbon fixation reactions	0%
Integral constituents of the thylakoid membrane associated with the photosynthetic apparatus, light absorbed is transferred to chlorophyll, considered accessory pigments	Carotenoids	0%
Semiautonomous plastid organelle, made of membranes and stroma	Chloroplasts	0%
Moves electrons through the Redox cycle through plastoquinone from PS2, sends plastocyanin to PS1	Cytochrome b6f	0%
Complex 4, 4 electron reduction of oxygen and H2O, 2 electrons per pair pumped out of matrix	Cytochrome c Oxidase	0%
Keeps leaves developmentally young	Cytokinin	0%
Spontaneous movement of substances from regions of higher to lower concentration	Diffusion	0%
Sugars converted to hexophosphates, which become phosphorylated and split, resulting in 2 trio phosphates	Glycolysis initial phase	0%
Complex 1, Take electrons from TCA cycle and oxidize to pump into intermembrane space	NADH dehydrogenase	0%
The developmentally-regulated senescence of individual organs, ex: flowers	Organ senescence	0%
Measure of the potential of water to move from 1 cell to another as influenced by solute concentration	Osmotic potential	0%
C12H22O11 +13 H2O --> 12 CO2+ 48H+ + 48e-	Oxidation of Sucrose	0%
Take electrons from TCA cycle and oxidize to pump into intermembrane space, succinate is oxidized, oxidize the reduced ubiquinone and transfer to cytochromes, 4 electron reduction of oxygen and H2O, 2 electrons per pair are pumped from matrix, 5 complexes	Oxidative Phosphorylation	0%
Term for leaf arrangement on a shoot	Phyllotaxy	0%
Shrinkage of cellular protoplasm away from the cell wall	Plasmolysis	0%
Process whereby individual cells activate an intrinsic senescence program accompanied by a distinct set of morphological and biochemical changes, ex: xylem cells	Programmed cell death	0%
Found nearly exclusively in stroma lamellae, plastocyanin comes in and docks at F1, ferredoxin is produced with NADPH	PS1	0%
Makes triose phosphates from carboxylation products; Reaction 1: ATP-->ADP + Pi (releases energy); Reaction 2: phosphorylation; Reaction 3: NADPH reduces and leads to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphates	Reduction phase	0%
Term for leaf venation in eudicots	Reticulate	0%
an active, genetically-controlled developmental process where cellular structures and macromolecules are broken down and translocated away from the senescing organ to regions of the plant serving as a nutrient sink, initiated by environmental cues and regulated by hormones	Senescence	0%
The pattern of leaf senescence in deciduous trees in temperate climates in which all leaves undergo senescence and abscission in autumn	Sequential leaf senescence	0%
Group of progenitor cells that give rise to leaf and bud primordia	Shoot apical meristem	0%
Complex 2, Succinate is oxidized	Succinate dehydrogenase	0%
Osmotically maintained pressure inside living plant cells	Turgor pressure	0%

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