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SESSION 2 ET 3 - Statistiques
Statistiques générales
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Statistiques - réponses
| Question | Réponse | % Correct |
|---|---|---|
| What is the Ezulwini Consensus and what does it advocate? | A 2005 African Union declaration demanding more representation in the Security Council, including two permanent seats with veto power and five additional non-permanent seats for African countries. | 0%
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| What does Kenneth Waltz argue about the accumulation of power in international politics? | Accumulating too much power provokes balancing coalitions, so moderation is a better long-term survival strategy | 0%
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| What concept do scholars like David Lake and Vincent Pouliot propose in contrast to an anarchic view of international relations? | A hierarchical international order, where power asymmetries and unequal influence shape relations between states | 0%
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| How does the English School of International Relations conceptualize international society? | As a community of states that recognize shared values, rules, and institutions structuring their relations, as emphasized by thinkers like Hedley Bull. | 0%
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| What is the “deep state” as described in the context of US foreign policy? | A set of influential, unelected actors (such as intelligence agencies, military officials, and bureaucrats) who operate independently of elected leaders and may shape foreign policy decisions behind the scenes. | 0%
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| How is the state defined in contrast to empires? | A state is a centralized political entity with defined borders and sovereignty; an empire expands over multiple peoples or territories, often by force | 0%
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| What is meant by the term "foreign policy" ? | A state’s set of strategies and decisions for managing its relations with other countries and international organizations, covering areas like diplomacy, defense, trade, and development | 0%
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| Why do international organizations struggle in times of war ? | Because cooperation requires a pre-existing context of peace, and in wartime their tools—like negotiation—become less effective or entirely blocked. | 0%
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| Why is the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) considered a significant interregional actor? | Because it connects countries from different regions (e.g. China, Russia, India, Iran) and promotes regional security cooperation outside of Western frameworks. | 0%
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| Why is the BRICS+ alliance seen as a challenge to the liberal international order? | Because it promotes an alternative global governance model rooted in Global South interests, reducing Western dominance in institutions like the IMF or the UN. | 0%
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| Why did Mearsheimer’s theory struggle to explain certain actions, such as the Iraq War? | Because Operation Iraqi Freedom didn’t align with clear strategic interests for the US, despite his theory suggesting rational power-maximizing behavior | 0%
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| What is the difference between classical realism and defensive neorealism in international relations theory? | Classical realism views states as power-seeking due to human nature (Morgenthau), while defensive neorealism (Waltz) sees states as seeking security, not dominance | 0%
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| According to Graham Allison’s analysis in Essence of Decision, how are foreign policy decisions made? | Decisions result from a complex interplay of competing interests, bureaucratic negotiations, and multiple rationalities, meaning they cannot be reduced to a single “rational actor” model. | 0%
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| Why is the UN’s principle of “one state, one vote” criticized? | ecause real international relations are shaped by inequalities in power and influence, which challenge the formal legal equality among states | 0%
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| According to Raymond Aron, how should the concept of “anarchy” in international relations be understood? | he absence of a higher authority holding the monopoly on legitimate physical violence over states | 0%
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| What are the “high” and “low” politics in the context of foreign policy? | High politics deals with national security, defense, and state survival; low politics refers to other areas like economic policy, environment, or humanitarian aid | 0%
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| What kinds of tools are considered part of “economic diplomacy” or diplomatic leverage? | Instruments such as economic sanctions, trade quotas, freezing of assets, suspension of financial aid, and boycott campaigns, which can apply pressure or exert influence—even among allied states. | 0%
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| What is the key argument of classical realist theorists like Hans Morgenthau regarding international relations? | International politics is driven by the selfish nature of humans, leading to constant power competition among states | 0%
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| What is the main idea behind the concept of “global governance” as it emerged in the 1990s? | It emphasizes the growing role of private actors (NGOs, MNCs, networks) in shaping transnational regulations, beyond formal institutions. | 0%
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| What role did the Bretton Woods system play in the post-WWII international order? | It established the foundations of financial stability through fixed exchange rates and the creation of the IMF and World Bank to assist reconstruction and development. | 0%
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| How is the United Nations Security Council composed, and what power dynamic does it reveal? | It includes 15 members: 5 permanent ones (US, UK, France, Russia, China) with veto power, and 10 non-permanent members elected for two-year terms—highlighting the concentration of global power among a small elite. | 0%
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| What is the significance of the 1975 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)? | It laid the groundwork for future European security architecture and dialogue between East and West during the Cold War. | 0%
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| What is one major critique of indirect representation in international institutions? | It means that citizens are only represented through their governments’ diplomats, many of whom are not democratically elected, weakening the system’s democratic legitimacy. | 0%
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| What major issue results from the veto power in the UN Security Council? | It often blocks urgent decisions, as any of the 5 permanent members (e.g., US, Russia) can unilaterally stop action, including in major conflicts like Syria. | 0%
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| What is "niche diplomacy" and why do small states use it? | It refers to how smaller or resource-limited states focus their diplomatic efforts on a few strategic sectors (e.g., cybersecurity or cultural diplomacy) to maximize their visibility and influence on the international stage. | 0%
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| What is the purpose of “public diplomacy” and how can it affect international relations? | It seeks to shape international public opinion and promote a country’s image and values (e.g., Obama’s Cairo speech, 2024 Olympics), contributing to soft power and influencing foreign perceptions. | 0%
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| What do the principles of jus ad bellum and jus in bello refer to in international law? | Jus ad bellum refers to the legal conditions under which war can be initiated, while jus in bello regulates the conduct and limits during warfare. | 0%
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| How has the nature of negotiation changed in modern diplomacy? | Negotiation has shifted from bilateral settings (between two states) to increasingly multilateral contexts, such as within the UN, involving multiple actors and broader cooperation goals. | 0%
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| What concept explains why small or resource-limited states often specialize in narrow areas of foreign policy? | Niche diplomacy – focusing on specific domains where they can exert influence (e.g., Estonia in cybersecurity, Netherlands in water management, South Korea with K-pop) | 0%
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| What are the three main missions of the United Nations according to Article 55 of its Charter? | Peacekeeping, solving economic and social problems, and promoting human rights. | 0%
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| What are the three main diplomatic functions defined in the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations? | Representation (officially embodying the sending state), observation (monitoring developments in the host country), and negotiation (seeking bilateral or multilateral agreements). | 0%
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| What is John Mearsheimer’s main contribution through offensive neorealism? | States seek to maximize power, not just balance it, believing that more power increases security and discourages threats | 0%
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| What distinguishes the League of Nations (1919) from earlier international organizations of the 19th century? | t aimed to ensure global peace and collective security through legal norms—but ultimately failed to prevent WWII. | 0%
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| What are some examples of “non-recognized states” mentioned in the course? | Taiwan, Kosovo, Palestinian Authority – all have varying degrees of sovereignty but lack full recognition from major powers or UN membership | 0%
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| What is a key message of the final course summary regarding the international order? | That despite the rise of cooperation frameworks, international organizations are increasingly contested and fragmented, even as they grow in number and importance. | 0%
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| What limitation of neoliberal institutionalism is revealed by events like the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq? | That even in the presence of institutional rules, states may act unilaterally, bypassing collective security mechanisms when it suits their interests. | 0%
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| What does the complex relationship between NATO and the EU illustrate about IOs? | That multilateral cooperation can also involve institutional rivalry, as seen in defense and security policies where overlapping mandates create tensions (e.g., Albright's 3D Doctrine). | 0%
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| What does the rise of interregional organizations like the SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization) demonstrate? | That states are increasingly organizing across continents to address strategic and security interests beyond classical Western-led frameworks. | 0%
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| What does the contrast between the number of IOs in 1909 and 2025 indicate? | That the institutionalization of global governance has dramatically increased—from 37 IOs in 1909 to over 300 in 2025, showing both deeper integration and more contestation. | 0%
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| What conclusion does the course draw about the nature of the international system today? | That the system is more accurately described as hierarchical than anarchic, shaped by asymmetrical power relations, with the state remaining the primary actor despite the growing role of non-state entities. | 0%
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| What does the quote “The US should cook and Europe should clean the forks and plates” symbolize in multilateral relations? | That the US traditionally takes on hard security roles while expecting Europe to focus on peacekeeping and reconstruction—revealing asymmetries in military responsibility. | 0%
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| What does the evolution of international organizations since 1945 reveal about the global system? | That we’ve moved from a world of a few institutions focused on peace to a highly complex and dense network of IOs tackling diverse global challenges (rights, food, health, climate, etc.). | 0%
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| What major institutional expansion occurred after the Cold War regarding international organizations? | The creation of new institutions such as the WTO, international criminal tribunals, and the strengthening of sectoral agencies addressing rights, health, and development. | 0%
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| What is meant by “throughput legitimacy” in the context of IOs? | The fairness, transparency, and procedural justice in how decisions are made within international organizations. | 0%
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| What example illustrates the shortcomings of input legitimacy in the UN system? | The “one state, one vote” rule in the General Assembly, which leads to disproportionality between countries like China and Tuvalu in terms of population size and real influence. | 0%
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| What historical event marked the beginning of multilateral diplomacy as we understand it today? | The Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which involved 190 delegations and established principles of sovereignty. | 0%
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| What does the Westphalian paradigm, rooted in the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, establish in international relations? | The principles of state sovereignty, non-interference, and legal equality among states | 0%
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| What is the core definition of diplomacy in the context of international relations? | The professional, institutionalized practice of negotiation and communication between states (and sometimes other international actors), aimed at influencing global affairs peacefully and avoiding armed conflict. | 0%
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| What does the term “minilateralism” refer to, as used in critiques of recent diplomatic trends? | The tendency of powerful states like the US to bypass large multilateral institutions and instead create limited, selective partnerships based on strategic interest (e.g., Trump and Israel). | 0%
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| What role do private companies and multinational corporations (MNCs) play in shaping foreign policy ? | They can have a strong influence on the decision-making process, either through lobbying efforts or by shaping state priorities, thereby becoming vectors of soft power (e.g., Dassault or Thales influencing defense and diplomatic agendas). | 0%
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| Which of the following is NOT a limitation of realist theories? | They fail to explain cooperation between states through multilateral initiatives | 0%
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| How did James Rosenau describe the changing nature of diplomacy in a globalized world? | Through the concept of “turbulence in world politics”, arguing that diplomacy now involves multi-level actors (states, NGOs, individuals), making it more dynamic and decentralized than traditional state-centered diplomacy. | 0%
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| What distinguishes the UN General Assembly from the Security Council? | t is a deliberative and representative body with the principle “one country, one vote”, allowing all 193 member states to participate equally—though without binding authority. | 0%
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| What was the purpose of the Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944)? | To draft the future United Nations, including its institutional structure (Security Council, General Assembly, ICJ), and set the stage for the San Francisco Charter. | 0%
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| What is the main objective of regional organizations like the African Union, ASEAN, or MERCOSUR? | To enhance regional cooperation, foster economic and political integration, and offer alternative platforms for leadership, especially for states that are less influential in global arenas. | 0%
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| What are the two traditional tools of foreign policy mentioned by Voltaire and Raymond Aron? | Trade sanctions and economic development programs used by states to shape regional influence. | 0%
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| What historical process led to the rise of the state as the dominant political structure, according to Charles Tilly? | War makes states and states make war”: the need for organized military forces and tax systems led to the formation of centralized state administrations | 0%
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| What is the core concern of “input legitimacy” for international organizations? | Whether they inclusively and fairly represent diverse states, regions, and civil societies in their composition and decision-making processes. | 0%
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