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Question
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Answer
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Hint/Example
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What are linguistics ?
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scientific investigation of language
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synchronic linguistics ?
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study of language at certain points in time
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diachronic linguistics ?
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study of changes in language over time
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descriptive linguistics ?
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describe how people speak
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prescriptive linguistics ?
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to tell people how to speak
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sign ?
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combination of form and meaning
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What is phonetics ?
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study of human speech sounds
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articulatory phonetics ?
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how are speech sounds produced
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auditory phonetics ?
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how are speech sounds perceived
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What parts of the body are involved in Speaking ?
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lungs vocal tract mouth nose tongue lips
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what is phonology ?
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speakers knowledge of the sound system
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segmental phonology ?
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deals with speech sounds
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suprasegmental phonology ?
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concerned with larger units such as syllables words and intonation phrases
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phoneme ?
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smallest distinctive unit in the sound system of a language
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minimal pair test ?
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test to find out whether a phoneme is part of the sound system
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allophone ?
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different realization of a phoneme without meaning change
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complementary distribution ?
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allophones occur exclusively in one specific phonetic context
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received pronunciation ?
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standard form of British English pronunciation
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larynx ?
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voice box
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what sounds does the uvula produce ?
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r sounds
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what's the task of the velum ?
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closing and opening of oral / nasal cavity
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what are the lips doing when they are bilabial ?
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pressed together
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and when they are labiodental ?
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in contact with teeth
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what is egressive pulmonic airstream ?
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from the lungs outwards
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egressive glottalic airstream ?
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from the larynx outwards
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ingressive glottalic airstream ?
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glottis makes the air move inwards
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ingressive velaric ?
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air sucked in from the tongue and velum
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what sounds are consonants ?
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sounds that obstruct the airflow
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what sounds are vowels ?
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sounds that don't obstruct the airflow
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Monophthongs ?
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one vowels sound
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diphthongs ?
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series of two sounds but one vowel phoneme
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triphthong ?
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sequence of diphthong
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assimilation ?
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process where adjacent sounds with differing properties become more similar
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progressive assimilation ?
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assimilation works forward
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regressive assimilation ?
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assimilation works backwards
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obligatory assimilation ?
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assimilation is always realized
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coalesence ?
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two sounds become merge to form a new sound
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elision ?
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omission of sounds
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epenthesis ?
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inserting sounds to simplify pronunciation
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compression ?
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two syllables become compressed into one
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syllable ?
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smallest rhythmic unit of spoken language
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open syllable ?
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syllable without coda
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closed syllable ?
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syllable with coda
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heavy syllable ?
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long vowel or diphthong in the nucleus
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light syllable ?
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short vowel in the nucleus and no coda
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syllabic consonant ?
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consonant that acts as the nucleus of a syllable
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stress ?
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relative prominence of a syllable within a word
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Intonation ?
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melody of speech
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tonality
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chunking of speech into intonationphrases
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nucleus of the IP
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word within an intonationphrases which receives the strongest accent
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tonicity
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nucleus placement
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tone
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looks at fall and rise
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falling tone
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information
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rising tone
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incompleteness
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fall-rise tone
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limited agreement
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attitudinal function
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expresses attitude and emotion
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grammatical function (1)
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demarcative
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grammatical function (2)
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syntactic
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focusing function
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informational
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discourse function
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signal how sequences of clauses and sentences go together
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psychological function
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organize speech into units that are easy to perceive
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indexical function
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mark of personal identity
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morphology
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study of internal structure of words
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morphemes
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smallest meaningful units
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monomorphemic words
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words that consist of only one morpheme
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polymorphemic words
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words consisting of more than one morpheme
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unique morphemes
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occur in only one word in a language
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vowel alternation
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no plural form added but a change in the vowel
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zero morph
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no additional form added
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free morphemes
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can occur on their own
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bound morphemes
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can't occur on their own
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root
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part of a complex word that remains when all affixes have been removed
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base
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any form of to which affixes can be attached
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prefix
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affix attached before root or base
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suffix
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affix attached after root or base
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allomorph
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different realization of the same morpheme without meaning change
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lexeme
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abstract category of words
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word-form
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grammatical specification of a lexeme
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inflectional affixes
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affixes that create a new word form
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derivational affixes
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affixes that create new lexemes
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word formation process
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process which create new lexical words
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productivity
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ability to form new words
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derivation
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creating a new word by adding a derivational affix
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compounding
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combination of two ore more lexemes into a new word
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conversion
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same form different word class and meaning
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shortening
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creation of new lexemes through the deletion of material
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acronyms
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abbreviations pronounced as regular words
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initialisms
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abbreviations where every letter is pronounced separately
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syntax
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study of sentence structure
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grammar (1)
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speakers knowledge of their language
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grammar (2)
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set of rules to create well-formed sentences
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constituent/phrase
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string of words which syntactically behaves as a unit
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constituency test
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aim to detect whether a word is a constituent
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semantics
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study of meaning
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meaning
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relation between a linguistic expression and a concept
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concept
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mental category that is used to classify objects
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referent
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object for which speaker uses a particular expression
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denotion
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class of entities to which a linguistic expression potentially refers
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sense relation
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semantic relationship where words share a crucial aspects of their meaning
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connotation
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associations with a word based on world knowledge but that are not sense relation
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polysemy
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same word with the same form but different related meanings
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wing
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homonymy
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two different words with the same form but different unrelated meaning
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Ball
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homophones
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words unrelated in meaning but sound alike but spelled different
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I-eye
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homographs
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words unrelated in meaning but spelled alike but sound different
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lead
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pragmatics
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study of what we do with language and the meaning in context
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linguistic context
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what has been said before and after an utterance
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non-linguistic context
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physical and or social setting of utterance
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speech act theory
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theory to systematically describe the speakers intention
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locution
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linguistic form of the speech act
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ilocution
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intention of the speaker
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e.g. command
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perlocution
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effect of the act on the hearer
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declaration
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speech act that changes an existing state of affairs
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representative
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speech act when speaker states which he believes to be the case
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explaining
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expressive
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speech act that states what speaker feels
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directive
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speech act whose aim is to make the here do something
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e.g commands
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direct speech act
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locution with performative verb
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indirect speech act
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locution without performative verb
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maxim of quantity
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make contribution as informative as it is required and not more
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maxim of relevance
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say what is relevant in the present context
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maxim of manner
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be brief, orderly and clear
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maxim of quality
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do not say what you believe to be false
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face
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ones public self image
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positive face
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desire to be well thought of
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negative face
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desire not to be imposed on by others
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politeness
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linguistic strategy to minimize threats to the listeners face
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