Glaciation quiz

Vast expanses of ice over 1km thick

When ice sheets extend out to sea

Large series of inter-connected valley glaciers less than 50,000km

Smaller masses of ice that are often associated with mountain ranges less than 50,000km

When an ice sheets extend out breaks up to form ice bergs

The frozen part of Earths hydrological system

High peaks that rises above ice fields

When meltwater lubricates the base of the ice causing movement

When warm based glaciers become very lubricated so moves a lot faster

When ice bends and warps to flow downhill like a liquid

Where ice crystals slip and slide over each other

When individual crystals become fractured due to intense stress within the ice

Increased gradient means ice flows faster making the ice more stretched creating crevasses

Decreased gradient means higher pressure so ice fractures into layers and crevasses are closed

When a system has no overall change despite variations

Glaciers move in an arc shape when they move out of a hollow, more weight = more pressure

More rocks on valley floor = more pressure = more melting, refreezes after obstacle as less pressure

Where any product is removed

When ice meets rock it melts slightly and refreezes. When glacier moves the rocked is plucked

When debris carried by the glacier scapes the floor leaving striations

Sheer weight of ice exerts pressure on bedrock causing it to shatter

When rock debris is picked up and merged into a glacier

Linear, fine scratches formed by abrasion

Long, narrow lakes found in glacial troughs - where soft rock eroded or terminal moraines

Steep-sided valleys with flat bottoms

Landscapes that are scoured with hills of harder rock and small lakes where soft rock was

Resistant masses of rock with smooth upside due to abrasion and rough steep downside due to plucking

Larger body of resistant rock with hard vertical upside which resists erosion and slows glacier = smooth downside as softer rock protected

Irregular chips in the rock, occur on hard, brittle rocks as boulder is rolled along glacier floor - show direction of glacier

Forms in hollow where snow collects and basil slip, plucking + abrasion occur. When ice is thick enough it flows over. Freeze thaw weathering and plucking steepen back

When water in Corrie melts

A narrow, steep sided ridge. When two glaciers flow into parallel valleys

A pointed mountain with at least 3 sides when 3+ corries form back to back

Formed by tributary glaciers and have water falls flow over them

Formed when main glacier chops off the ridges of land that stick out into the main valley - erodes spurs using plucking and abrasion

Ridges of land

 

Sheer weight of moving ice as it passes over bedrock causes it to fracture leading to basil melting and freezing

Corrie lake

When ice sheets and glacier expand out of the valley and erode large areas of lower relief land

When subglacial material becomes lodged against bedrock, glacier cannot overcome the friction so material remains

Occurs when bedrock is partially soft and pressure of glacier picks up a whole layer and repositions it in a deformed shape

Generic term for landforms associated with deposition of till from within - poorly sorted and angular

Sediment transported beneath and smeared over underlying bedrock

Formed where sides of the glacier were (freeze-thaw weathering), show path, extent and speed

When lateral moraines of 2 merging glaciers converge - ridge of material in centre, found in lines parallel to ice flow

Builds up at furtherest point of advancing glacier

Found in lines behind terminal moraine, when retreating glaciers experience stability

Small ridges produces by minor advances in subaqueous settings

Steep slopes with deep enclosed depressions and meltwater channels - results from thinning of ice as blocks of ice may squeeze debris realised from ice into crevasses

Oval shaped hills made of glacial till aligned in direction of flow, occur in large clusters - formation a mystery!

Glacier transported rock fragment that differs from local bedrock

When large section of glacier detaches and melts - suspended bedrock is deposited and form large plain of unsorted till

When a solid turns to a gas with no liquid stage

Moving glaciers spread this onto valley beneath the ice - rounded material of varying size

Deposited at snout where ablation occurs, angular debris a glacier drops as it melts

A layer of soil, sediment or rock below the surface that is permanently frozen

Where 90% of the ground is frozen and temp is below -5 degrees

Fragmented layer of permafrost where 50-90% of ground area is frozen and it has been below 0 degrees for 2 years

Where 10-50% of ground area is frozen and- patches as it relies on micro climatic conditions

Less than 10% frozen

Thawed permafrost

There is permafrost between talik and water

There is not permafrost between talik and the lake

When snow melts and retains heat due to dark surface - thaws permafrost

Permafrost is impermeable so when the active layer melts, the meltwater cannot drain away so soil becomes waterlogged and heavy. The soil will flow easily, especially on a gradient

Water under the rocks or ground freezes and expands which forces the mass upwards

Processes of snow turning to ice causing erosion

Snow gathers in a small depression and erodes it into a hollow

Strong winds break loose till and weaken features, fine material is carried and deposited in glacial areas

In permafrost soil, low temps cause the ground to contract which leads to cracks in the permafrost. Temp increases and active layer thaws. The water freezes and expands the cracks

Where stones are arranged on permafrost surface in circles, polygons or strips. This is cause by frost contraction where ground cracks and fills with stones. Then frost heave occurs which forces stones up and then they roll down mounds formed

Conical hill with core of ice, discontinuous permafrost. Ground water is forced up through gaps in permafrost and freezes = ice lens

Conical hill w core of ice, continuous permafrost. No lake=permafrost advances and water collects and freezes. Lake=unfrozen under lake

Large area filled with wind blown sediment. Strong winds blow eroded slit material across a plateau. Improves soil

Erosion or deposition caused by meltwater from glaciers

Hole in the surface of the ice

Orientation of rocks, shows power of stream if perpendicular

Pro-glacial, layer of gravel, sand and clay that forms in front of where the snout used to be. Meltwater slows out carrying sediment in it

Form in front of glaciers when terminal moraines dam the flow of meltwater streams

Pro-glacial, meltwater steams form them through erosion

Pro-glacial, blocks of ice left behind by glacier are covered my deposition from meltwater. Ice melts and leaves a depression - often filled with water

Sediment deposited on the ice when meltwater streams flowing into pro-glacial lakes slow down

Stratified mounds of sorted sand and gravel on valley floor near snout

Distinct layer of silt lying on top of a layer of sand, deposited annually in lakes near glacial margins. Thicker = more melting

Long, winding ridges of sand and gravel. Stratified and run in same directional of glacier. Deposited by meltwater in sub glacial tunnels

Crossing outlast plains are braided where variations in volume of meltwater leads to streams becoming choked with coarse material

Piles of deposit left by valley walls, laid down by steams occupying the trough between the ice and valley side. Narrow and flat topped, in sorted layers

Arranged into layers, fluvioglacial deposits are