Fallacies in philosophy

A formal fallacy where an assumption is made that if x leads to y, y must also mean x. Example: "If we know that dogs growl, if we hear a growl, it must be a dog."

A formal fallacy where an assumption is made that if all x means y, then no x also means no y. Example: "If it is snowing then it is cold, therefore if it is not snowing then it cannot be cold".

An informal fallacy which occurs when we accept an argument only because it is the majority view: "Many people believe in god, therefore he must be real"

An informal fallacy which occurs when we accept/reject an argument based on the characteristics of the person arguing it. Example: "Don't listen to him. He's such a liar."

An informal fallacy where we accept/reject an argument based on emotional response. Example: "I reject your argument because it makes me angry."

An informal fallacy that specifically relies on appealing to nature to support the conclusion. Example: "Diseases are natural, so using modern medicine to fight them is wrong."

An informal fallacy where we assume cause-and-effect solely based on the order of events. Example: "We won the game because i put my lucky socks on this morning."

An informal fallacy where an arguer mistakenly assumes that a particular course of action will inevitably lead to certain undesired outcomes without good reason. Example: "If you don't do your homework tonight, you'll fail the class. If you fail, you won't graduate, you won't get into a good college, and you'll end up homeless."

An informal fallacy that intentionally creates a caricature of a persons argument with the aim of attacking the caricature rather than an actual argument. Example: "We should reduce carbon emmissions." "So you want to ban all cars and force everyone to take public transport?"

An informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer misenterprets the number of possible positions on an issue, like an ultimatum. Example: "either your with us or against us."