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Inorganic Chemistry Edexcel Igcse - Statistics

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Answer Stats
Hint Answer % Correct
what is source of H+ ions acid
100%
how do you test for water add anhydrous copper (ii) sulfate to the sample and if water is present the solution turns from white to blue.
100%
how do you test for sulfate ions add hydrochloric acid to remove impurities. add barium chloride, if sulfate ions (SO4 2-) are present then a white precipitate of barium sulfate will form.
100%
what is a conical flask a generic flask
100%
what is a group 1 metal called alkali metals
100%
what does malleable mean can be hammered or bent into shape without breaking
100%
what factors increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere deforestation because trees carry out photosynthesis which absorbs carbon dioxide, locking it up, but when destroyed all this carbon dioxide locked up is released, not only that but all the carbon dioxide it was extracting from the air for it's own use will be gone, so loads will be released but then loads of potential extraction of carbon dioxide will be gone as well. Also combusting fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide. Main fossil fuels are natural gas, oil and coal. Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, so if burnt they will release carbon dioxide as the carbon in them reacts with the oxygen in the air to yield carbon dioxide.
100%
what colour is copper carbonate powder green
100%
what metals can react with acid metals above hydrogen in reactivity series
100%
what is a sulfate ion SO4 2-
100%
why do pure, unreactive metals naturally exist because they can't combine with any other substance as they are too inert
67%
what is the colour of copper(ii) sulfate solution blue
67%
what is stainless steel used in cutlery, kitchen sinks, cooking utensils
67%
what happens when the concentration of greenhouse gases increase greenhouse effect intensifies
67%
what are pure, unreactive metals found in the Earth's crust called native metals
67%
what ions do bases contain OH- ions ( hydroxide ions)
67%
if the salt is potassium sulfate, what method do you use titration method
67%
are most metal oxides insoluble in water yes
67%
what colour is methyl orange in a neutral solution orange
60%
what is a carbonate a compound made of a metal and carbonate ions
50%
what are the most reactive group alkali metals
50%
what is produced when metals react with oxygen a metal oxide
50%
what is an acid a substance that forms hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
50%
what is a reducing agent a substance that reduces another substance, so it itself is oxidised
50%
how many colours do indicators have to be able to turn at least 2
50%
why do we not use universal indicator in titrations because it has a wide range of colours depending on the specific pH, so the change is too gradual meaning it is hard to see when the exact end point of the titration is. It doesn't have 1 specific colour for an acid, neutral and alkali like other indicators.
50%
why does a higher halogen displace one lower in group because it's more reactive
50%
what is produced when a carbonate reacts with an acid carbon dioxide, water and a salt
50%
name the 3 most common greenhouse gases CH4 ----------------> methaneCO2 ---------> carbon dioxide H20 ---------> water vapour
50%
what can global warming lead to climate change, which is the long-term alteration of weather patterns and temperatures which pushes animals out of their habitats, causing suffering.
50%
name an example of a carbonate copper carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate
50%
why is copper used in pots and pans good conductor of heat, unreactive, malleable
50%
what colour flame does copper burn with greenish-blue
50%
what are group 7 elements called halogens
50%
what is reactivity how easily an atom loses or gains electrons
50%
when metals react with acids, a bubbling is observed, what is this hydrogen gas (H2)
50%
what is pH a measurement of hydrogen (H+) ions, so how basic or acidic an aqueous substance is
50%
what ions do acids contain hydrogen ions
50%
an indicator turned blue in alkali, name the indicator litmus paper
50%
name the three main indicators litmus paper, phenolphthalein, methyl orange
50%
what are bases usually metal hydroxides, metal oxides, metal carbonates or ammonia
50%
what is an ammonium ion NH4 +
50%
what is a hydroxide ion OH -
50%
what conditions does iron need to rust oxygen and water present
50%
an indicator remained colourless in acid what indicator is this phenolphthalein
50%
what trend does group 1 have as you go down the group reactivity increasesboiling/melting point decreases density/ mass increases
50%
why is copper used in water pipes unreactive, malleable
50%
properties of high-carbon steel very strong, very hard, not malleable
50%
are sodium, potassium and ammonium containing compounds soluble yes
50%
properties of low-carbon steel easily rusts, strong, malleable
40%
what is the chemical name for rust hydrated iron(iii) oxide
40%
what is a titration it's a method used to find out how much of an acid (or alkali) neutralises a known volume of an alkali (or acid). It's a neutralisation reaction
40%
are all group 7 elements diatomic no, astatine and tennessine are controversial, we are unsure if they exist, but some people say they do exist.
40%
what does the pH scale range from 0-14
33%
what is a salt an ionic compound
33%
name the 5 group 7 elements in order of reactivity astatine, iodine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine
33%
why do indicators change colour because they react to the change in pH
33%
what do metal carbonates thermally decompose into carbon dioxide and a metal oxide
33%
what state is iodine at room temperature dark grey solid
33%
how does aluminium resist corrosion forms a thin but strong oxide layer
33%
what is the result of the greenhouse effect global warming
33%
what state is chlorine at room temperature green gas
33%
how do we know when a sample is pure if it boils or melts over a specific temperature and not a range
33%
why is aluminium used in cans and aircraft it has a low density and resists corrosion
33%
what colour flame does potassium burn with lilac
33%
what indicator turns purple in neutral litmus paper
33%
what is a halide metal + halogen
33%
why does testing for metal hydroxides work most metal hydroxides are insoluble and will precipitate out of the solution if formed. some of these precipitates have a unique colour. So if you get your coloured, insoluble metal hydroxide you can tell what metal was in the compound
33%
what salt will nitric acid form nitrate
33%
what are things reacting with when they react with air oxygen
33%
what indicator turns pink in alkali phenolphthalein
33%
how do you extract a metal that's above carbon in the reactivity series react it with a more reactive metal or use electrolysis
33%
what colour flame does calcium burn with reddish-orange
33%
what properties do groups have similar ones
33%
what salt will sulfuric acid form sulfate
33%
what does inert mean unreactive
33%
what's anhydrous without water
33%
are metal oxides soluble in water yes, some are
33%
what is air made of 78% nitrogen21% oxygen 0.9% argon 0.04% carbon dioxide 0.4% water vapour (this is an average across all climates)
25%
what is an oxidising agent a substance that oxidises another substance, so it itself is reduced
25%
what salt will hydrochloric acid form chloride
25%
what is a nitrate ion NO3 -
25%
what's a desiccator object which removes water from the surroundings using chemicals.
25%
how do you extract a metal that's below carbon in the reactivity series react it with carbon via a displacement reaction, so the carbon displaces the metal from it's compound forming carbon dioxide and the pure metal
25%
what happens when sulfur is exposed to air reacts with oxygen in the air with a blue flame to produce sulfur dioxide, which can dissolve in water to give an acidic solution of sulfurous acid.
25%
what colour flame does lithium burn with red
25%
what state is bromine at room temperature reddish brown liquid
25%
when bases and acids combine, what happens they combine to give a neutral solution of water, so they have been neutralised to give a solution of pH 7.
25%
how much carbon does low-carbon steel contain up to 0.25%
25%
how do you test for oxygen use a glowing splint, this re-lights in the presence of oxygen
25%
do groups have similar properties yes
25%
are sulfates soluble yes, except calcium sulfate, barium sulfate and lead (ii) sulfate
25%
when bases react with acids what form is the salt a colourless, aqueous solution
20%
what is a precipitate an insoluble, ionic, solid product of a chemical reaction
20%
when carbonates react with acids a fizzing is noticed, what is this. carbon dioxide (CO2)
20%
what is high-carbon steel used in masonry nails, cutting tools
20%
what is my solution in terms of acidity if the pH is 11 strongly alkaline
20%
are nitrates soluble yes
20%
how much carbon does high-carbon steel contain 0.6% - 1.2%
0%
describe the experiment to find the percentage of oxygen in the air using phosphorus 2 ways:1st way do same experiment like with copper but just replace copper with phosphorus 2nd way First light phosphorus with a hot wire, phosphorus is very reactive with oxygen but not water. Phosphorus is put on an evaporating dish and floats in the water, a bell jar is placed on top of it and then a bung is put on it. The water level will rise as phosphorus pentoxide is produced and the water rises up to fill the volume of oxygen lost. Record the initial water level and leave it until it is constant. Record the end water level, you will notice that if you subtract the final volume by the initial volume and divide by the initial volume then multiply by 100, we get about 20%. So the phosphorus reacts with the oxygen to produce a phosphorus oxide called phosphorus pentoxide ( C4H10 ). This reaction emits lots of light.
0%
state the balanced chemical equation for the production of rust 4Fe + nH20 + 302 -----------> 2Fe2O3 . nH20
0%
how do you test for ammonium ions add sodium hydroxide to sample and warm it up. If ammonium ions are present then ammonia gas will form. To test for ammonia gas put damp, red litmus paper near sample, if ammonia gas is present the paper turns blue.
0%
how much indicator should you add a few drops
0%
what is source of hydroxide ions alkali
0%
what is produced when metals react with water a metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas
0%
what does ductile mean a metal that can be drawn into a thin wire
0%
what is universal indicator a mixture of different dyes which change colour in a gradual way over a range of pH.
0%
what is air a mixture of gases
0%
how do you carry out a flame test an inert wire loop with a high melting point like nichrome or platinum is placed in concentrated HCl to remove impurites, to test it's purity, hold it to a flame, if it's colourless then it's pure and we can move on. Dip wire loop into your salt sample so some sticks to it. Then stick this in the roaring part of the bunsen burner flame, the blue bit, because this is the hottest part. Then the colour is observed, metal cations burn with a unique colour.
0%
why is copper used in hospital surfaces antimicrobial properties, malleable
0%
why is a H+ ion considered a proton a proton has a 1+ charge. a hydrogen atom has 1 proton and 1 electron. if it loses this electron to become H+, it will obviously just be a single proton.
0%
what is a redox reaction a reaction containing reduction and oxidation
0%
what is a metal displacement reaction a reaction where a more reactive metal pushes a less reactive metal out of it's metal compound
0%
what is an ore a rock that contains a metal compound or a metal
0%
what is produced when metals react with acids a salt and hydrogen gas
0%
what is an alkali a soluble base that forms hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
0%
why does reactivity increase as you go down group 1 as you go down a group, period number increases. Period number determines the amount of shells an atom has. The more shells, the larger the atom, so the atomic radii gets larger meaning the distance between the valence electrons and the nucleus is larger. This results in a weaker force of attraction between the nucleus and valence electrons, this is because a force weakens over a longer distance. So now the nucleus cannot hold on to the outer electrons anywhere near it could with a smaller atom. Reactivity is just how easily an atom loses or gains electrons, so a higher period number in group 1 means the electrons are more easily lost, so it's reactivity increases.
0%
why does reactivity decrease down group 7 as you go down group 7, period number increases. This means the distance between the nucleus and any passing electrons is weaker. Because halogens need to gain an electron to be stable, they need as little shells as possible so the distance between them is little so the nucleus can attract a passing electron. But as forces weaken over distance, a high shell atom that's in group 7 will have a very low reactivity as it's got a large distance to try and attract an electron
0%
what is a flame test a test used to see the presence of metal cations in a compound
0%
why is an alloy stronger than a pure metal because an alloy has different elements with different sized ions which ruins the regular lattice arrangement of a pure metal. pure metals have a regular lattice arrangement so their layers can slide over each other, but alloys don't have this arrangement so their layers cannot slide over one another as easily.
0%
why does melting point decrease down group 1 because the atom radii gets larger meaning the electrostatic forces between the positive nuclei and valence electrons are weakened. This results in it being easier to break as the force is weak. And if it's easy to break, it's easier to melt.
0%
what colour is copper oxide black
0%
what state is astatine at room temperature black solid
0%
what colours will potassium bromide go if you add chlorine, bromine or iodine all separately bromine is reddish-browny orange in liquid form, so if you add chlorine to potassium bromide, the bromine is displaced by chlorine forming potassium chloride and the bromine then forms orange liquid. so if chlorine is added to potassium bromide the solution goes orange due to the bromine, if you add bromine or iodine, no change occurs.
0%
how do you test for carbon dioxide bubble your gas through calcium hydroxide ( limewater ) it turns from colourless to cloudy if carbon dioxide is present.
0%
how does the sacrificial method work by attaching a more reactive metal than the protected metal, this ensures if the protected metal gets into contact with oxygen and water then corrosion will not take place since oxygen and water are reacting with the more reactive metal
0%
state word equation for reaction between calcium carbonate and sulfuric acid calcium carbonate + sulfuric acid -----> calcium sulfate + water + carbon dioxide
0%
what is limewater calcium hydroxide
0%
what is the oxide that dissolves in water to produce limewater calcium oxide
0%
what does brittle mean cannot bend without breaking, very unflexible, not malleable, etc
0%
what is produced when a carbonate reacts with an acid carbon dioxide + water + salt
0%
what is stainless steel mainly comprised of carbon, nickel and chromium
0%
what colours will potassium chloride go if you add chlorine, bromine or iodine all separately chlorine is the most reactive out of the three. But there is no colour change as chlorine cannot displace itself. Colourless, no colour change.
0%
what is a carbonate ion CO3 2-
0%
state the trend of group 7 as you go down colour darkensmelting/boiling point increase reactivity decreases density/mass increase
0%
how do bases neutralise acids combining with the H+ ions in them
0%
describe the experiment to find the percentage of oxygen in the air using copper Copper is in excess so all the oxygen can be used up, so first of all, ensure copper is in excess, this copper reacts with the oxygen to form copper oxide, so all the oxygen is taken out of the air by reacting with an excess of copper, so the volume of air in our apparatus would decrease by about 20%. First, we put a bunsen burner beneath our apparatus to heat the copper so it can react, then air is passed back and forth over copper which is in the middle of a closed system containing 2 syringes which meet in the middle. Eventually this copper turns black, this is because copper oxide is being formed and copper oxide is black. If we start with 100cm3 of air, it'll decrease by around 20%, so we will end up with 80cm3 of air after all oxygen is used up by copper. Once you take the heat off, let it cool. This is because gases expand when heated, so the actual volume when it's just been taken off will be incorrect. We need to heat the copper as it's unreactive so the heat forces it to react with the oxygen in the air. We must ensure our apparatus is a closed system so no oxygen can get out or get in. This experiment doesn't take into account the air between the syringes so it's an estimate. We use copper powder or something with a high surface area so reaction is faster, also make sure you move bunsen burner around so it doesn't target one area and melt it.
0%
when copper carbonate is thermally decomposed, what is produced and what colour are the reactants and products copper oxide and carbon dioxide. the copper carbonate is a green powder and when thermally decomposed it turns into copper oxide which is black powder so we can see a colour change.
0%
describe the experiment to find the percentage of oxygen in the air using iron 2 ways: 1st way hydrated Iron reacts with oxygen in the air to form rust, and if the volume of water and iron are in excess then the percentage of oxygen in the apparatus would decrease by about 20%. For iron to rust it requires oxygen and water, so wet the iron filings. 2nd way soak some iron wool in acetic acid which catalyses the reaction. Put wool in a measuring cylinder and invert it into a beaker of water. Record starting position of water level, this is starting volume of air. Over time, water level rises because the iron reacts with the oxygen in the air to form iron oxide, the water rises to replace the oxygen lost. Leave this for about or week or when the water level is constant. Record the finishing water level, subtract final from initial and divide it by initial, multiply by 100 and you get about 20%.
0%
why do we do titrations multiple times do get a specific and accurate result. first time is an approximate, but the times after is more careful as we want a very specific answer.
0%
what are the main ways you coat a substance to stop corrosion electroplating, greasing, coating with plastic and painting
0%
how do you test for carbonate ions First add HCl. This HCl is not for removing impurities. If carbonate ions ( CO3 2-) are present then fizzing is noticed which is carbon dioxide being made. To ensure this is definitely carbon dioxide, bubble it through limewater, if it's present it turns from colourless to cloudy.
0%
how do you test for halide ions First add nitric acid ( HNO3) to remove impurities. Then add silver nitrate and if halides are present they will form a silver halide. If chloride ions (Cl -) are present the precipitate is white (AgCl) If bromide ions (Br -) are present the precipitate is cream (AgBr) If iodide ions ( I -) are present the precipitate is yellow ( AgI)
0%
describe how to extract aluminium from it's ore using electrolysis first aluminium ore powder (Al2O3) is mixed with cryolite ( an aluminium salt). the reason we do this is because this mixture of cryolite and Al2O3 has a lower melting point than pure Al2O3, so it costs less as less energy is needed to melt it. Once it's molten, a large voltage is applied. This causes aluminium to form at the cathode and oxygen to form at the anode. The anodes are usually made of carbon as they're cheap and a good conductor, so the oxygen produced usually reacts with the carbon anode to produce carbon dioxide, so the carbon anodes are regularly replaced. Loads of energy is needed to melt the ionic compound so it's ions can flow and conduct electricity so this process is very expensive.
0%
describe a titration between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide first, get phenolphthalein indicator. Now, measure 25cm3 of HCl using a pipette and pipette filler, and transfer it into a conical flask. Then fill the burette with sodium hydroxide solution. After this, take an initial reading on burette and record it to 2 decimal places. Once that's done, add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the flask containing HCl, this ensures we will know the end point of the neutralisation. Then add the NaOH from the burette slowly, adding it by drops towards the end until the indicator changes colour, this lets us know reaction is complete. You need to give the flask a swirl and mix well when you near the end so you get a specific answer that's exactly correct. The indicator changes colour when all the acid is neutralised, so our indicator turns pink, so we know neutralisation is complete. Now record the final volume on the burette which is the volume of NaOH needed to neutralise 25cm3 of HCl. Then repeat experiment several times, calculating a mean to allow for a more accurate result. So as NaOH is a base and HCl is an acid, we have an : acid + base --> salt + water . so our salt is NaCl and then we have H2O. We swirl flask every time alkali was added to mix the solutions. the numbers on burette increase from top to bottom, and the readings are recorded to the nearest 0.05cm3, meaning to 2 decimal places. So the 2nd decimal is 0 if on the line or 5 if in between 2 lines. And the volume of alkali is the final reading - initial reading on burette.
0%
explain how you would prepare a pure dry sample of lead (ii) sulfate First, our reactants are lead (ii) nitrate and sodium sulfate. This gives sodium nitrate and lead (ii) sulfate. So our reaction is obtaining a pure, dry sample of lead ( ii) sulfate from 2 soluble reactants, lead ( ii) nitrate and sodium sulfate. We use the precipitation method. First, mix similar volumes of lead ( ii) nitrate with sodium sulfate in a beaker. The exact volumes are totally irrelevant, any excess is removed later. A white precipitate of lead (ii) sulfate forms. This mixture is filtered, the precipitate on the filter paper is washed with distilled water to remove impurities. The precipitate is transferred to a warm place where it can dry, like a warm oven or desiccator, this removes water, producing anhydrous lead (ii) sulfate crystals.
0%
describe lithium's reaction with water fizzinglithium floats and moves around on water's surface lithium gradually disappears
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describe potassium's reaction with water fizzingpotassium floats and moves around on water's surface very aggressively potassium catches fire with a lilac flame potassium disappears
0%
describe sodium's reaction with water fizzingsodium floats and moves around on water's surface aggressively sodium melts into a silver ball sodium disappears
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what are the common observations to notice when group 1 metals react with water fizzing- hydrogen gas is releasedmetal floats and moves about on water's surface metal vanishes metal hydroxide is produced
0%
what is oxidation gain of oxygen or loss of electrons
0%
how does galvanising work galvanising is a combination of coatings and sacrificial protection, first a more reactive metal is sprayed onto the protected metal. this initially acts as a coating, but when the coating is damaged, the protected metal still doesn't corrode as now the coating acts as a sacrificial method as it is more reactive.
0%
what are the main ways to prevent corrosion galvanising, sacrificial protection and coating
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why is copper used in electrical wires good conductor of heat and electricity, ductile
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why is iron used in saucepans good conductor of heat, high melting point, malleable
0%
what do greenhouse gases cause greenhouse effect
0%
what does the reaction between a metal and a halogen produce halide
0%
state word equation for the reaction between a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide ion (H+) + (OH-) -------> H20
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what do all acids contain hydrogen ions
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name the diatomic molecules in increasing atomic mass hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
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how do we know if we have pure water if it melts or freezes at 0 degrees celsius, or boils or condenses at 100 degrees celsius.
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in what conditions will the carbonate disappear in the reaction between a carbonate and an acid if the carbonate is the limiting reactant ( acid is in excess)
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in what conditions will the metal disappear in the reaction between a metal and an acid if the metal is the limiting reactant ( acid is in excess)
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where are most metals found in the Earth's crust as naturally-occurring ores
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what colours will potassium iodide go when you add chlorine, bromine or iodine, all separately iodine is brownish in liquid form, so if you add chlorine, it displaces the iodine from potassium iodide to form potassium chlorine and iodine, this iodine goes off to form iodine liquid which is brown, so solution goes brown. If bromine is added to potassium iodide the bromine displaces the iodine from potassium iodide to form potassium bromide and iodine, the iodine goes off to form liquid iodine which is brown so solution turns brown.
0%
What is steel an alloy of iron, carbon and other substances
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if the salt is soluble, what question would you ask to find out what method you should use is the salt a potassium or sodium one
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what does a metal displace in metal and acid reaction it displaces the hydrogen in the acid to form a salt, this hydrogen then forms hydrogen gas.
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why is stainless steel resistant to corrosion it forms a strong, protective oxide layer
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why is aluminium used in power cables it is ductile and conducts electricity
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what happens when hydrogen is exposed to air it reacts with oxygen in the air explosively, producing water, with lots of hydrogen it can be dangerous, burns with an orangy yellow flame and burns very easily.
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what happens when magnesium is exposed to air it reacts with the oxygen in the air to produce magnesium oxide which is in the form of ash, this burns with a bright, white flame. Magnesium oxide ( MgO) is a base and is slightly alkaline in water so can react with an acid to produce a salt and water.
0%
what happens when a group 1 metal is exposed to air it reacts with the water vapour to produce a metal hydroxideit reacts with the carbon dioxide to produce a metal carbonate it reacts with the oxygen to produce a metal oxide
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why is iron used in buildings it's very strong
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what factors increase the amount of methane in the atmosphere landfill sites, when matter decomposes, it releases methane. the amount of landfill sites increase as not enough things are recycled so more is thrown away, meaning more ends up in landfill sites, which results in more methane release. Farm animals also release methane during digestion, so we need to get rid of farm animals and eat them.
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explain an experiment to obtain a pure dry sample of an insoluble salt starting from 2 soluble reactants Let's look at reaction between silver nitrate and potassium chloride. So preparing pure, dry crystals of silver chloride from silver nitrate and potassium chloride. This gives us silver chloride and potassium nitrate. First, mix the 2 salt solutions together in a beaker, this forms a precipitate of an insoluble salt, stir with glass rod to ensure both the salt solutions have reacted so we get our maximum amount of precipitate. Now filter using a funnel lined with filter paper, this collects the precipitate as residue. Now wash the precipitate with distilled water to remove impurities like potassium nitrate. Then dry it by leaving in a warm place to evaporate the water off to get a pure, dry sample of an insoluble salt.
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explain an experiment to obtain a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt from an insoluble reactant Let's look at the reaction between copper oxide and sulfuric acid. So preparing pure, dry samples of copper sulfate from copper oxide- an insoluble reactant- and sulfuric acid. This gives us copper sulfate and water. First, heat acid in a beaker to speed up the rate of reaction. Then add the base until in excess, this means that no more base dissolves so we reach a saturated solution, stir with a glass rod to ensure this. This makes sure that all our acid is neutralised. Now filter the mixture using a funnel lined with filter paper, this removes any excess base that hasn't reacted with the acid as it has reached saturation. Now gently heat the filtered solution (filtrate) to evaporate some of the water off, because remember we want anhydrous salts not hydrated. Do this until crystals begin to form on the glass rod. Then let the solution cool, this allows the hydrated crystals to form, this is since our base is less soluble in cold water, so out crystals will actually be created. Now remove the hydrated crystals via filtration and leave in a warm place so they can dry. This evaporates the rest of the water, so now we have anhydrous and pure samples of a soluble salt.
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explain an experiment to obtain a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt starting from an acid and alkali Let's look at the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. So preparing pure, dry samples of sodium chloride from sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. This gives us sodium hydroxide and water. First, we do our titration to find out how much acid is needed to neutralise 25cm3 of alkali, we do this with an indicator, collect the values and now we can begin. Now, pipette 25cm3 of alkali into a conical flask, accurately measuring it, ensuring no indicator is added since we don't need to as the titration has already been completed and indicator would contaminate our crystals. Using the titration values, titrate the volume of acid into the beaker containing the alkali, as we have done the titration before, the neutralisation will be exact and precise, so now we have a neutralised solution. Now transfer to an evaporating basin and heat it to make a nice, hot aqueous solution of sodium chloride. Allow solution to cool so hydrated crystals begin to form as the alkali is less soluble in cold water, so won't dissolve in the water and will actually form the crystals we want. Remove the crystals with filtration, then wash with distilled water to remove impuritites. Finally, dry the hydrated crystals so all the water evaporates, leaving us with pure, anhydrous crystals. This is the titration method and it uses titrations so the process could be reversed, we could have 25cm3 of acid and we need to find how much alkali neutralises it.
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first element in group 1 lithium
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an indicator turned red in acid, what indicator could this be litmus paper or methyl orange
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what's the climate long-term weather patterns
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what is reduction loss of oxygen or gain of electrons
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describe word equation for reaction between magnesium and sulfuric acid magnesium + sulfuric acid -------> magnesium sulfate + hydrogen gas
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when we extract metals, what do we usually extract them from metal oxides
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what metals can react with water metals above zinc in reactivity series
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what indicator turns yellow in alkali methyl orange
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another name for low-carbon steel mild steel
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what is low-carbon steel used in nails, cars, ships, girders
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what can alkalis do to acids neutralise them
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are carbonates soluble no, except sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and ammonium carbonate
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are hydroxides soluble no, except sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide ( limewater)
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what metal oxides are soluble ones that contain group 1 elements
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what happens when carbon is exposed to air only reacts with oxygen if strongly heated, it has a yellowish orange flame and produces carbon dioxide which is slightly acidic when dissolved in water
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what is a valence electron outer shell electron
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an indicator remained colourless in neutral solution, what indicator is this phenolphthalein
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what does pH mean power or potential of hydrogen
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if the salt is insoluble, what method do you use to extract it precipitation method
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what are alkalis called proton acceptors as they accept H+ ions
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what are acids called proton donors as they give away H+ ions
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how would you determine the reactivity of a halogen react a halogen solution that's unknown with a potassium halide solution and then make observations on the colour
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what colour might chlorine turn litmus paper at first red, because litmus paper is red in acid and chlorine is acidic.
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when an acid reacts with an alkali what is produced salt + water
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when an acid reacts with a base what is produced salt + water
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what does litmus paper need to be damp so gas can dissolve in it and change it's colour
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why is aluminium used in pots and pans strong when alloyed, good conductor of heat and electricity, low density
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what is an alloy substance made of 2 or more different elements where at least 1 is a metal
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what do pipettes and burettes measure the amount of volume released
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what is thermal decomposition the breaking down of a substance using heat
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how does coating work the coating acts as a barrier. Stops the protected metal from being exposed to the oxygen and water in the air. If coating breaks, metal will be exposed and corrosion can take place
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what do indicators depend on to change colour the pH
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describe the greenhouse effect the sun emits short wavelength radiationEarth absorbs and reflects this as long wavelength radiation greenhouse gases cannot absorb short wavelength but can absorb long wavelength greenhouse gases absorb reflected radiaiton they re-radiate it as heat energy towards space, Earth and other greenhouse gases then the greenhouse gases that have recieved radiation from other greenhouse gases do the exact same thing as the other greenhouse gases have done, reflect it towards other greenhouse gases, towards Earth and space so heat stays in the atmosphere for longer than it should this heats up the Earth This is good and vital for life, but if too extreme it can cause global warming
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how do you test for 3 metal hydroxides To test for copper 2, iron 2 and iron 3 ions, first add NaOH ( sodium hydroxide ) solution to sample and observe the colour. If copper (ii) ions (Cu 2+) are present the precipitate is blue If iron (ii) ions ( Fe 2+ ) are present the precipitate is green If iron (iii) ions (Fe 3+ ) are present the precipitate is brownish red
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how do you test for hydrogen use a lit splint, this produces a squeaky pop when hydrogen is present because the hydrogen reacts with the oxygen
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how do you test for chlorine use damp, blue litmus paper, this bleaches white if chlorine is present
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how do you test for ammonia use damp, red litmus paper, this turns blue in the presence of ammonia gas, it also has a strong smell
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what is my solution in terms of acidity if the pH is 5 weakly acidic
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what is a halogen displacement reaction where a more reactive halogen pushes out a less reactive halogen from it's halide
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what's hydrated with water
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what state is fluorine at room temperature yellow gas
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what colour flame does sodium burn with yellow-orange
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do group 1 elements react with water yes
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are chlorides soluble yes, except silver chloride and lead (ii) chloride
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is chlorine dangerous yes, it's a toxic gas
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what is brass an alloy of zinc and copper
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