|
Hint
|
|
Answer
|
|
what's a hydrocarbon
|
|
a molecule that contains hydrogen and carbon only
|
|
what's the molecular formula
|
|
actual number atoms of each element in a molecule
|
|
what's the empirical formula
|
|
simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
|
|
what's the general formula
|
|
relationship between the number of atoms of one element to another within a molecule
|
|
what's the structural formula
|
|
shows how atoms in a molecule are joined together
|
|
what's the displayed formula
|
|
shows all the bonds in a molecule as separate lines
|
|
what's an isomer
|
|
molecules with the same molecular formula but a different displayed formula
|
|
what's a homologous series
|
|
group of substances with the same general formula, similar chemical properties due to having the same functional group and have a trend in physical properties
|
|
what's a functional group
|
|
an atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a compound
|
|
what do the names of organic molecules depend on
|
|
the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain
|
|
what is a chain in an organic molecule
|
|
longest consecutive line of carbon atoms
|
|
what is the prefix given to an organic molecule with 1 carbon atom in it's longest chain
|
|
meth
|
|
what is the prefix given to an organic molecule with 2 carbon atoms in it's longest chain
|
|
eth
|
|
what is the prefix given to an organic molecule with 3 carbon atoms in it's longest chain
|
|
prop
|
|
what is the prefix given to an organic molecule with 4 carbon atoms in it's longest chain
|
|
but
|
|
what is the prefix given to an organic molecule with 5 carbon atoms in it's longest chain
|
|
pent
|
|
what is the prefix given to an organic molecule with 6 carbon atoms in it's longest chain
|
|
hex
|
|
what is the prefix given to an organic molecule with 7 carbon atoms in it's longest chain
|
|
hept
|
|
what is the prefix given to an organic molecule with 8 carbon atoms in it's longest chain
|
|
oct
|
|
what is the prefix given to an organic molecule with 9 carbon atoms in it's longest chain
|
|
non
|
|
what is the prefix given to an organic molecule with 10 carbon atoms in it's longest chain
|
|
dec
|
|
what are the simplest hydrocarbons
|
|
alkanes
|
|
what do all alkanes end with
|
|
ane
|
|
what type of molecules are alkanes
|
|
saturated
|
|
what is saturated
|
|
contains only single bonds
|
|
what is unsaturated
|
|
contains a double or triple bond
|
|
what types of bonds do alkanes have
|
|
single bonds
|
|
what do alkenes have less hydrogen atoms than alkanes
|
|
alkenes have a carbon to carbon double bond which uses up 2 bonds in 2 carbons. These other bonds could be bonding to hydrogens so in alkenes there are less spaces for hydrogen atoms to bond, so there are less carbon atoms in alkenes
|
|
what type of molecules are alkenes
|
|
unsaturated
|
|
what do all alkenes end with
|
|
ene
|
|
what is an alkene
|
|
an unsaturated hydrocarbon
|
|
what is an alkane
|
|
a saturated hydrocarbon
|
|
what is the result of the carbon chain in alkenes getting larger (don't mention boiling points, strength, colour, etc, it has to be specific for alkenes, something relating to it's functional group.)
|
|
the carbon to carbon double bond can appear in different places
|
|
what is an organic molecule
|
|
one that contains carbon atoms
|
|
what does the 2 in hept-2-ene mean
|
|
the carbon to carbon double bond begins at the second carbon atom
|
|
what's wrong about this and why pent-3-ene
|
|
pent-3-ene doesn't exist, this is because pent means five, so pentene would have 5 carbon atoms, this means it has 4 places for the double bond to occur. If it happens at the first or end it is pent-1-ene, if it happens in the second or third it is pent-2-ene, this is 4 bonds done. This means that there is only pent-1-ene and pent-2-ene.
|
|
how do we write alkenes numbers from their displayed formula
|
|
first you see where the double bond is, we always pick the one with the lowest number, so if we get the double bond by going 1 from the right or 3 from the left, 1 is lowest so we pick that to be the number. So we don't read it from right to left or left to right, just what produces the smallest number.
|
|
what are alcohols functional group
|
|
-OH
|
|
what do all alcohols end in
|
|
anol
|
|
how are branched molecules named
|
|
on the amount of carbon atoms in their branch
|
|
what is a branch with 5 carbon atoms in it called
|
|
pentyl
|
|
how do you name a branch of carbon atoms
|
|
look at the number of carbon atoms in the branch and see what the name for that is, then just add -yl to the end.
|
|
(ignore the dots) name this molecule .....H.H.H.H.H.H.H ......l...l...l...l...l...l...l H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-H .....l...l...l...l....l....l..l ....H.H..l .H..H..H.H ............l ............l .......H-C-H ...........l ..........H
|
|
3-methyl-heptane
|
|
how do you name a branched molecule
|
|
the first number is what atom the branch comes off of, if there are multiple branches then list them using commas. Then draw a dash and the number of carbon atoms in each chain is written and a yl is put on the end to show it's a branch. Then last you count the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain and then add the suffix of what type of organic molecule it is.
|
|
why is the molecular formula bad
|
|
it doesn't tell us how the atoms are arranged
|
|
how do we know if it's an alkene by it's molecular formula
|
|
if it only has carbon and hydrogen in it and has twice as many hydrogen atoms than carbon atoms
|
|
how do we know if it's an alkane by it's molecular formula
|
|
if it only has carbon and hydrogen in it and it has two more than twice as many hydrogen atoms than carbon atoms
|
|
how do we know if it's an alcohol by it's molecular formula
|
|
if it has two more than twice as many hydrogen atoms than carbon atoms and has an oxygen
|
|
what is an alcohols general formula
|
|
CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH
|
|
what is CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH the same as
|
|
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂O
|
|
what's a substitution reaction
|
|
reaction where an atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms
|
|
what's a combustion reaction
|
|
when something reacts with the oxygen in the air (it burns), releasing heat
|
|
what's an addition reaction
|
|
reaction where two or more atoms or groups of atoms join together to create one larger product, where there is only ever one product.
|
|
what is crude oil
|
|
mixture of hydrocarbons
|
|
what process is crude oil separated into fractions by
|
|
fractional distillation
|
|
describe how crude oil is separated into it's fractions
|
|
crude oil is heated and evaporates, gas goes into fractional distillation tower, as the gas rises up the temperature decreases. Fractions with a higher boiling point condense near the bottom and are collected as liquid.
|
|
name the fractions of crude oil in increasing boiling point
|
|
refinery gases gasoline kerosene diesel oil fuel oil bitumen
|
|
what are refinery gases used in
|
|
bottled gas
|
|
what is gasoline used in
|
|
cars
|
|
what is kerosene used in
|
|
planes
|
|
what is diesel oil used in
|
|
lorries
|
|
what is fuel oil used in
|
|
ships
|
|
what is bitumen used in
|
|
road surfacing
|
|
what's a fuel
|
|
a substance that releases heat energy when burnt
|
|
what are fractions
|
|
groups of hydrocarbons with similar numbers of carbon atoms
|
|
what are long-chain hydrocarbons
|
|
hydrocarbons with large amounts of carbon atoms
|
|
what are short-chain hydrocarbons
|
|
hydrocarbons with small amounts of carbon atoms
|
|
as the hydrocarbon chain increases, what increases with it
|
|
boiling point, size, viscosity
|
|
as the hydrocarbon chain increases what darkens
|
|
colour
|
|
what's viscosity
|
|
how easily a fluid flows
|
|
what can the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons yield
|
|
soot, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water and heat energy
|
|
what is soot
|
|
carbon
|
|
what is carbon monoxide
|
|
CO
|
|
how can carbon monoxide be produced
|
|
incomplete combustion of fuels
|
|
why is carbon monoxide poisonous
|
|
stops the amount of oxygen our blood can carry, this limits the amount of respiration that can take place which is very dangerous. It does this by binding to the haemoglobin in our blood forming carboxyhaemoglobin instead of oxyhaemoglobin.
|
|
how is nitric acid produced starting from a car
|
|
when fuels are burnt in a vehicle's engine, high temperatures are reached. This causes nitrogen and oxygen in the air to react with each other, this forms nitrogen oxides. In the atmosphere, these nitrogen oxides can react with water to produce nitric acid
|
|
name the three main fossils fuels
|
|
natural gas, coal and oil
|
|
where are fossils fuels found
|
|
crude oil
|
|
where is crude oil found
|
|
rocks
|
|
as the hydrocarbon chain decreases what increases with it
|
|
flammability
|
|
what is crude oil made of
|
|
ancient, fossilised plankton
|
|
what does crude oil contain
|
|
hydrocarbons and impurities
|
|
what is an impurity found in crude oil
|
|
sulfur
|
|
how does combusting fossils fuels correlate to acid rain
|
|
fossils fuels contain impurities like sulfur, so if these fossils fuels are burnt so is the sulfur. This sulfur produces sulfur dioxide which is a sulfur oxide which can react with water and oxygen in the air to form sulfuric acid. This sulfur dioxide could only react with the water and produce a weaker acid called sulfurous acid. Both of these acids fall as rain.
|
|
why are acids bad if they're in the atmposhere
|
|
they can fall as acid rain
|
|
what does acid rain do
|
|
kills insects causes water to be more acidic kills trees kills fishes in lakes corrodes limestone buildings corrodes marble statues damages some metals
|
|
why can acid rain corrode limestone buildings and marble statues
|
|
they are both made of calcium carbonate
|
|
what is cracking use the word (alkane) in the answer
|
|
the process of breaking a long-chain alkane into a shorter-chain alkane or alkene
|
|
why do we do cracking
|
|
produces more useful substances that are higher in demand
|
|
what type of reaction is cracking
|
|
thermal decomposition
|
|
what are the conditions of catalytic cracking
|
|
use a catalyst like silica or alumina at a temperature of 600-700°C
|
|
finish the equation: decane ─> octane + ______
|
|
ethene
|
|
what are the alkene products of cracking usually used for
|
|
ethanol and polymers
|
|
does crude oil have lots of long chain hydrocarbons
|
|
yes
|
|
what is alkanes general formula
|
|
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
|
|
what is n in the general formula
|
|
number of carbon atoms
|
|
how do alkanes react with halogens
|
|
in the presence of UV radiation like the sun
|
|
describe the reaction between bromine and methane and state the word equation
|
|
methane reacts with bromine in the presence of UV light, here a hydrogen atom from the methane is replaced by a bromine atom, this is a substitution reaction. methane + bromine ─> bromomethane + hydrogen bromide
|
|
alkanes react with bromine in the presence of UV light, here a hydrogen atom from the methane is replaced by a bromine atom, this is a substitution reaction methane +
|
|
carbon dioxide, water and heat energy
|
|
what is alkenes general formula
|
|
CₙH₂ₙ
|
|
what are alkenes functional group
|
|
C=C
|
|
how do alkenes react with halogens
|
|
doesn't need UV radiation
|
|
describe the reaction between ethene and bromine and state the word equation
|
|
ethene reacts with bromine without UV light, here the double bond is broken and bromine atoms are added, this is an addition reaction. We see a colour change from orange to colourless if the reaction has occurred ethene + bromine ─> dibromoethene
|
|
what colour is dibromoethene in liquid form
|
|
colourless
|
|
what colour is bromine in liquid form
|
|
orange
|
|
how do we test for alkanes and alkenes
|
|
in the absence of UV light, we add our unknown solution to bromine water, if a reaction doesn't happen then it probably contains an alkane as alkanes need UV light to react with a halogen. Then we add another unknown solution and if it contains alkenes it will turn from orange to colourless as alkenes can react with a halogen without UV light.
|
|
what is an alcohol (don't say homologous series, general formula or functional group.)
|
|
a hydroxyl attached to a hydrocarbon chain
|
|
what's a carboxyl
|
|
-COOH ( carboxylic acid functional group)
|
|
what's a hydroxyl
|
|
-OH (alcohol functional group)
|
|
state the structural formula of pent-2-anol
|
|
CH₃-CH-OH-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃
|
|
what does ethanol produce when it's oxidised by complete combustion
|
|
carbon dioxide and water
|
|
what does ethanol produce when it's oxidised by microorganisms
|
|
ethanoic acid
|
|
what are the three main ways to oxidise ethanol
|
|
complete combustion microbial oxidation heating with an oxidising agent
|
|
how do you oxidise ethanol using potassium dichromate (VI) in sulfuric acid
|
|
mixture starts orange, and when the reaction happens the mixture turns green, this indicates Cr³⁺ ions are present, which is formed when potassium dichromate (VI) is reduced
|
|
describe the hydration of ethene and state the conditions and word equation
|
|
ethanol is made by passing ethene and steam over a catalyst. Water is added to ethene, which is why it's called hydration, use a phosphoric acid catalyst at a temperature of around 300°C and a pressure of about 60-70 atm. Ethene + Water ───────────> Ethanol ............................phosphoric acid
|
|
what's fermentation
|
|
conversion of sugar into ethanol using enzymes in yeast
|
|
describe fermentation and state the conditions and word equation
|
|
ethanol is made by mixing the catalyst found in yeast with a sugar solution at a temperature of 30-40°C and a pressure of just below 1 atm. It is done in the abscene of oxygen. Glucose ────────> ethanol + carbon dioxide ..................zymase
|
|
why is fermentation carried out anaerobically
|
|
if it was done aerobically then it would produce water and carbon dioxide and ethanol wouldn't be produced. If it is done anaerobically it would produce ethanol and carbon dioxide, and this ethanol produced can react with oxygen to form ethanoic acid.
|
|
why is fermentation carried out at a low temperature
|
|
because if it was done higher it would denature the enzymes from the yeast, stopping them catalysing the reaction, but if too low then the reaction is too slow.
|
|
name the advantages of fermentation
|
|
cheap ─ as little energy is needed uses a renewable resource ─ so it can happen forever
|
|
name the disadvantages of fermentation
|
|
slow ─ temperature is too low so particles have little kinetic energy doesn't produce pure ethanol ─ have to fractionally distil it to get it pure which is slow and expensive
|
|
name the disavantages of the hydration of ethene
|
|
expensive ─ lots of energy is needed uses a non renewable resource ─ so it will run out
|
|
name the advantages of the hydration of ethene
|
|
continuous process ─ little workers needed fast ─ happens at high temperatures and pressures
|
|
what are carboxylic acids functional group
|
|
-COOH
|
|
what are carboxylic acids general formula
|
|
CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH
|
|
name the 5 main homologous series in alphabetical order
|
|
alcohols, alkanes, alkenes, carboxylic acids and esters
|
|
what is the carboxyl group (draw it)
|
|
C=O l O-H
|
|
what is the hydroxyl group (draw it)
|
|
O-H
|
|
what is the rule when writing carboxylic acids structural formula
|
|
always write the -COOH at the end of the structural formula
|
|
what is the rule when drawing carboxylic acids displayed formula
|
|
always draw the -COOH first and then draw the rest
|
|
what is vinegar (include ethanoic acid in answer)
|
|
an aqueous solution containing ethanoic acid
|
|
do dilute carboxylic acids react like other dilute acids but just slower
|
|
yes
|
|
dilute carboxylic acid + metal =.....
|
|
salt + hydrogen gas
|
|
dilute carboxylic acid + carbonate =....
|
|
water + salt + carbon dioxide
|
|
describe the reaction between ethanoic acid and magnesium
|
|
ethanoic acid reacts with magnesium with lots of fizzing to produce a colourless solution of magnesium ethanoate and hydrogen gas
|
|
describe the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate
|
|
ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate with lots of fizzing to produce a colourless solution of sodium ethanoate, water and carbon dioxide.
|
|
in the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate why is the charge on the resulting ethanoate ion -1
|
|
because it's lost an electron from the hydrogen atom, which goes off to from water
|
|
what are esters functional group
|
|
-COO
|
|
what is the ester link (draw it)
|
|
C=O l O
|
|
what is the ester link
|
|
esters functional group
|
|
what is a volatile liquid
|
|
one that turns into vapour easily
|
|
what are esters usually used in
|
|
perfumes and food colourings
|
|
what characterises an ester using one of our 5 senses
|
|
their fruity, sweet, distinctive smells
|
|
how are esters made
|
|
when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol
|
|
what is the ester made when ethanol and ethanoic acid react
|
|
ethyl ethanoate
|
|
how do we name an ester
|
|
first part of the name comes from the alcohol, where -ano is replaced with a y. second part of the name comes form the carboxylic acid, where -ic acid is replaced with -ate.
|
|
what is ethyl ethanoate's structural formula
|
|
CH₃COOCH₂CH₃
|
|
how do you draw an esters displayed formula
|
|
first get the carboxylic acid and the alcohol that it's made of and draw their displayed formula. Draw the -OH on the left of the alcohol and the -COOH on the right of the carboxylic acid, draw the carboxylic acid on the left and alcohol on the right so both their groups are beside each other. Remove the H from the OH and the OH from the COOH, this forms water. Re draw the alcohol and carboxylic acid but this time without the removed atoms. Join the oxygen with the carbon atom and we're done.
|
|
describe the reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol
|
|
ethanol and ethanoic acid are heated to form liquid ethyl ethanoate and water in the presence of a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. This reaction is called esterification. It's also called a condensation reaction because 2 molecules have reacted to give water. The reaction is reversible as well. Pure reactants are used to maximise the yield of ethyl ethanoate.
|
|
what is glacial ethanoic acid
|
|
pure ethanoic acid
|
|
the name of an ester is the carboxylic acid first and the alcohol second true or false
|
|
false
|
|
the structural and displayed formula has the alcohol first and the carboxylic acid second true or false
|
|
false
|
|
what's an addition polymer
|
|
when the same monomers join together to form one large polymer
|
|
how is an addition polymer made
|
|
one of the bonds in the double bond breaks in every monomer, these monomers then join together in a large chain
|
|
what are the monomers in an addition polymer
|
|
alkenes
|
|
what types of bonds does an addition polymer have
|
|
single bonds
|
|
what is a condensation polymer
|
|
when two different monomers join in an alternating pattern to form a large polymer and another small molecule
|
|
how is a condensation polymer made
|
|
formed from a condensation reaction
|
|
what are the two different monomers in a condensation polymer
|
|
diols and dicarboxylic acids
|
|
what is a polyester
|
|
a polymer formed when 2 different monomers join in an alternating pattern
|
|
finish the sentence when each monomer joins to the next in a condensation polymer a separate.....
|
|
small molecule is lost
|
|
what are the small molecules formed in a condensation polymerisation reaction usually
|
|
water molecules or hydrogen chloride
|
|
when a condensation polymer is formed what is the reaction called
|
|
condensation polymerisation reaction
|
|
what is a diol
|
|
an alcohol with -OH on either side of it
|
|
what is a dicarboxylic acid
|
|
a carboxylic acid with -COOH on either side of it
|
|
what is the only thing present in a diol that is important for polymerisation
|
|
-OH functional group
|
|
what is the only thing present in a dicarboxylic acid that is important for polymerisation
|
|
-COOH functional group
|
|
what does the box in this diol simplified displayed formula represent: HO─▅─HO
|
|
the central block of carbon atoms
|
|
what does the box in this dicarboxylic acid simplified displayed formula represent: ..... O.......... O .......‖............‖ HO-C─▅─C-OH (ignore the dots)
|
|
the central block of carbon atoms
|
|
why are polymers inert
|
|
because they have strong C-C bonds
|
|
what is the result of polymers being inert
|
|
they are non─biodegradeable
|
|
what does biodegradeable mean
|
|
breakdown of a substance by microorganisms
|
|
what is the ester functional group called
|
|
ester link
|
|
define a polyester using the phrase ester link
|
|
a polyester is a long chain containing many ester links
|
|
in the ester link, where does the C=O bond come from
|
|
carboxylic acid
|
|
in the ester link, where does the O come from
|
|
alcohol
|
|
if an addition polymer is burnt what happens
|
|
could produce toxic gases like hydrogen chloride or carbon monoxide
|
|
why are the environmental issues with the disposal of condensation polymers less severe than with addition polymers
|
|
because of their ester links they can be broken down, making them biodegradeable
|
|
out of the 2 polymers, what has a more harmful effect when broken down
|
|
addition polymers
|
|
how long do condensation polymers take to breakdown
|
|
can take hundreds of years
|
|
what polyesters have chemists recently made and why are they good
|
|
biopolyesters which break down much faster
|
|
how do you turn the monomer unit into a repeating unit
|
|
first put single bonds on either side of the C=C, put brackets around it and draw the single bonds on either side of the C=C coming out of the brackets, re draw the double bond as a single bond, put an n in subscript on the bracket which represents the number of monomers.
|
|
how do you name an addition polymer from it's monomer
|
|
first write poly and put brackets around the monomers name
|
|
what is the polymer poly(ethene) derived from
|
|
ethene
|
|
when tetrafluoroethene monomers join together what addition polymer is produced
|
|
poly(tetrafluoroethene) or PTFE
|
|
when chloroethene monomers join together what is the addition polymer produced
|
|
poly(chloroethene) or PVC
|
|
what is PTFE
|
|
poly(tetrafluoroethene)
|
|
what is PVC
|
|
poly(chloroethene)
|
