principles of chemistry edexcel igcse - Statistics

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Answer Stats

Hint	Answer	% Correct
what does a blank space in front of an element equal	1	100%
describe a paper chromatography experiment with inks/dyes in 6 steps	1: baseline is drawn 1cm above bottom of paper. pencil won't dissolve in solvent, but pen will as it contains ink, this ruins out chromatogram 2: a spot of each dye is dropped at regular intervals along the baseline 3:Paper is placed in a beaker in a shallow solvent. Baseline with dyes are placed just above the solvent, so around 1cm is submerged in the solvent. This ensures the dyes don't directly dissolve into the solvent. 4: Lid is placed on top of beaker to stop solvent evaporating from the surface of the paper, this also allows the atmosphere to become saturated with solvent. 5:when the solvent has travelled near the top of the paper, remove it and a line in pencil is drawn where the solvent is reached, this is the level of the solvent that has reached the paper, it's known as the solvent front 6: chromatogram is left to dry so all solvent evaporates	100%
how many elements do ionic compounds ending in -ide contain?	2	100%
what is diamond made of	carbon atoms	100%
what are the 4 allotropes of carbon	C₆₀ fullerenesDiamond Graphite Graphene	100%
what's an allotrope	different forms of the same element	100%
what are ions	electrically charged particles formed when atoms lose or gain electrons	100%
what are the 2 most common solvents to use in paper chromatography	ethanol and water	100%
what is diamond used in because of it's hardness	fast cutting tools like diamond tipped saws	100%
why is diamond so strong and has got a very high melting point	giant covalent structure with lots of strong covalent bonds, this require lots of energy to break. 1 giant molecule, meaning it's very strong because there are no intermolecular forces, there are just really strong covalent bondsmade of a giant 3D lattice where each carbon atom is bonded to 4 other carbon atoms via strong, covalent bonds every one of carbon's outer electrons is involved in a strong covalent bond, this means it's extremely strong	100%
what is Mr measured in	g/mol	100%
how does a big number in front of the element affect the calculation of relative atomic mass	it doesn't, ignore it	100%
are giant covalent structures usually soluble in water	no	100%
what is a neutron's charge	0	50%
what is a neutron's mass \| what is a proton's charge \| what is a proton's mass	+1	50%
what is an electron's charge	-1	50%
what number is percentage yield always under	100	50%
what is room pressure	1atm	50%
how many carbon atoms is C₆₀ fullerene made of	60	50%
what are group 1 called	alkali metals	50%
what reactions need to be balanced	all of them	50%
what does the anode attract	anions	50%
what does aq mean	aqueous solution	50%
what does the cathode attract	cations	50%
what do metals conduct	electricity	50%
what does g mean	gas	50%
what non-metal can conduct electricity	graphite	50%
what word is missing?elements in the same _____ have similar chemical properties	group	50%
what are columns called in the periodic table	groups	50%
what are group 7 called	halogens	50%
where are reactants found	left side	50%
what are moles measured in	mol.	50%
what is concentration measured in	mol/dm³ g/dm³	50%
what is moles formula using mass	moles = mass / Mr	50%
what is 1 mole of a substance equal to in grams	Mr of the substance	50%
what are group 0 called	noble gases	50%
what are rows called in the periodic table	periods	50%
what does l mean	pure liquid	50%
where are products found	right side	50%
what does s mean	solid	50%
what is an electron's mass	0.0005 negligible basically 0	0%
what does pure water melt at	0°C	0%
what is 1dm³ equal to in cm³	1000cm³	0%
what does pure water boil at	100°C	0%
what is room temperature	20°C	0%
what does 1 mole of a gas equal at rtp	24dm³	0%
what is a molecule	2 or more substances covalently bonded together	0%
how many elements do ionic compounds ending in -ate contain?	3 or more where at least 1 is oxygen	0%
what is Avogadro's constant (number)	6.02 x 10²³	0%
how many atoms is 1 mole of a substance	6.02 x 10²³ atoms	0%
What mass of Nitrogen would react with 15g of Hydrogen? Give your answer to 3 s.f. N₂ + 3H₂─> 2NH₃	70g	0%
what oxides do non-metals form	acidic or neutral non-metal oxides	0%
describe experiment between cotton wool soaked in hydrochloric acid and cotton wool soaked in ammonia	a cotton wool is soaked in ammonia, another is soaked in hydrochloric acid. The two wools are placed at opposite ends of a glass test tube. When hydrogen chloride mixes with ammonia, ammonium chloride is formed which is a white solid. So when hydrochloric acid and ammonia both give off ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas, these two will mix in this closed system and a white ring forms in between the two. But this ring forms closer to the wool soaked in hydrochloric acid because ammonia gas particles are smaller and lighter so can travel in the air faster and further. This is because the ammonia gas particles can fit through the gaps between the air particles and the hydrogen chloride gas particles are too big and are heavier so have more weight, meaning they travel slower. It takes about 5 minutes for the ring to form because the gas particles move randomly, bumping into the air particles in the tube.	0%
how do we calculate the Mr	add the relative atomic masses of each element together	0%
what is a silver ion	Ag⁺	0%
what is the theoretical yield	amount of product you would expect to produce in a chemical reaction if all the reactants were used up	0%
what is a solid salt containing no water of crystallisation called	anhydrous salt	0%
where does oxidation happen in electrolysis	anode	0%
what do you need to find to get the Mr	Ar	0%
state the energy, arrangement and movement of solids	Arrangement: particles are close together and tightly packed regularly Movement: particles vibrate about a fixed position Energy: Less kinetic energy than liquids and gases	0%
state the energy, arrangement and movement of liquids	Arrangement: particles are close together but irregularly arranged Movement: particles can move quite freely Energy: more kinetic energy than solids but less than gases	0%
state the energy, arrangement and movement of gases	Arrangement: particles are far apart and experience no forces between other particles. Movement: particles can move very freely Energy: more kinetic energy than liquids and solids	0%
what's graphene	a single layer of graphite	0%
what is a pure substance	a substance that melts or boils at a specific point, can be an element or compound, as long as it's one compound or one element	0%
what is an impure substance	a substance that melts or boils over a range of temperatures.	0%
what is the conservation of mass	atoms aren't created or destroyed in a chemical reaction	0%
what are isotopes	atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but a different mass number atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons	0%
what is the Ar definition	average mass of an atom	0%
what is relative atomic mass using 1/12	average mass of an atom compared to 1/12th of the mass of a carbon-12 atom	0%
what 2 things do we need to calculate the theoretical yield ( don't say percentage yield or real yield)	balanced equationall of reactant's masses	0%
how do we use SRM's to determine the composition of a mixture using paper chromatography	baseline is drawn, unknown mixture is dotted on baseline and the known mixtures (SRM's) are dotted alongside it too. Paper is put in the shallow solvent just above the baseline and the solvent seeps up the paper, through spots taking most if not all of the dyes with it. Different dyes travel heights up the paper, the resulting pattern of dyes is our chromatogram. If the unknown mixture contains a dye that has travelled the same distance up the paper as one of the SRM's then we know that our mixture contains that dye.	0%
what oxides do metals form	basic metal oxides	0%
why do reactions have to be balanced	because atoms aren't created or destroyed in a chemical reaction	0%
why do we draw the baseline in pencil	because if we used pen then the ink in the pen would dissolve in the solvent and ruin our experiment	0%
why is the anode called the anode	because it attracts anions	0%
why is the anode called the anode	because it attracts cations	0%
why are the products of the electrolysis of aqueous solutions hard to predict	because the water molecules split up to form hydroxide ions and hydrogen ions.	0%
why do halide ions and oxygen form at the anode	because they are both anions and the anode attracts anions	0%
why do metal ions and hydrogen form at the cathode	because they are both cations and the cathode attracts cations	0%
why have ionic compounds got high melting and boiling points	because they have a giant structure with strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions which requires lots of energy to break.	0%
Bobby says that his material has delocalised electrons in it, so it automatically is considered conductive. Is Bobby correct or incorrect and explain your answer	Bobby is incorrect, this is because the delocalised electrons have to be able to move freely throughout a substance, look at C₆₀ fullerenes, they have delocalised electrons but they can't conduct electricity because they're immobile. So in order to be considered conductive they need to be able to move freely.	0%
what are C₆₀ fullerenes made of \| what is graphite made of	carbon atoms	0%
why does the mass appear to change when wood is burnt	carbon dioxide, water vapour and other gases are produced which escape into the surroundings and make it impossible to weigh	0%
where does reduction happen in electrolysis	cathode	0%
describe the structure of an atom	central nucleus made of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons in energy shells	0%
what is the displayed formula of chlorine	Cl─Cl	0%
what is a carbonate ion	CO₃ ²⁻	0%
what is concentration's formula	concentration= mass/volume concentration= moles/volume	0%
what is monatomic	containing 1 atom	0%
what is diatomic	contai ning 2 atoms	0%
what is a copper (ii) ion	Cu ²⁺	0%
in the electrolysis of aqueous solutions, what does the product formed at the cathode depend on	depends on how reactive the metal is if the metal is more reactive than hydrogen then hydrogen gas is produced if the metal is less reactive than hydrogen then the metal is produced	0%
in the electrolysis of aqueous solutions, what does the product formed at the anode depend on	depends on if there are halide ions present if there are then the halogen forms if there aren't then oxygen gas forms	0%
how do we pick the appropriate solvent for our dye	determine the solubility of the dye, if the dye doesn't stick to the paper or doesn't dissolve in the solvent then our chromatogram isn't right. If our dye doesn't dissolve in water then we can use ethanol.	0%
what is a mixture	different substances in the same space that haven't chemically joined	0%
if the ionic compound is soluble how can we make it conduct electricity	dissolve it in water	0%
describe potassium manganate (VII) experiment and what it shows	dissolve potassium manganate (VII) in waterthis demonstrates that diffusion in liquids is very slow. The random motion of particles causes a light, purple colour to be evenly spread out throughout. Adding more water to the solution makes the particles of potassium manganate (VII) spread out further so the solution gets less purple, this is dilution.	0%
how do we calculate Rf value	distance travelled by solute────────────────── distance travelled by solvent	0%
if 2 non metals share two pair of electrons what sign and name is it	=double bond	0%
if 2 non metals share one pair of electrons what sign and name is it	─single bond	0%
if 2 non metals share three pair of electrons what sign and name is it	≡triple bond	0%
what is the acronym for percentage yield being under 100% and what does it stand for	WISE ──── Wastage Incomplete reactions Side reactions Extraction	0%
how do we calculate empirical formula	write down all elements mass find all elements relative atomic masscalculate moles using mass and Mr get the smallest number of moles divide all higher mole values by it once we get this ratio substitute the values into the compound if there are any 1's in front of an element, remove it	0%
what is volume measured in	dm³	0%
why is graphite soft and slippery	each layer is a giant structure, with weak forces of attraction between the layers, this means the layers can slide over each other easily.	0%
what is a chromatogram	end results of spots in paper chromatography	0%
what is an energy level a.k.a	energy shell	0%
how do we calculate masses in chemical reactions	ensure equation is balancedfind out all their Mr's write down their masses calculate moles work out the molar ratio then re arrange moles = mass/Mr to get mass = moles x Mr work out mass	0%
Ar is always an integer, true or false?	false	0%
what is an iron (ii) ion	Fe ²⁺	0%
what is an iron (iii) ion	Fe ³⁺	0%
explain the process of fractional distillation in separating alcohol from a mixture of alcohol and water	first know that water boils at 100°C and our alcohol boils at 78°C. Use a thermometer to carefully measure the temperature of the fractionating column, controlling it. Keep it at 78°C, this ensures only the alcohol turns into vapour and only the alcohol will pass through the column. This vapour reaches the condenser, condensing back into a liquid.	0%
describe the electrolysis of molten lead (ii) bromide (PbBr₂) include the equation, what is formed at the anode and cathode, etc	first, lead (ii) bromide is heated to become molten because it's insoluble, now the ions are free and it can conduct electricity. Electrodes attached to a power supply are placed into the molten lead (ii) bromide. Bromine (Br₂) gas forms at the anode and is released, this is because bromide ions are attracted to the anode. At the anode, bromide anions lose an electron to form bromine gas. Molten lead which is a shiny substance is formed at the cathode. At the cathode, lead cations gain electrons becoming lead atoms. lead bromide ─> lead + bromine PbBr₂ ─> Pb + Br₂	0%
explain the process of simple distillation in separating water from saltwater	first the saltwater is boiled, water vapourises, forming water vapour which condenses back into a liquid when passed through the condenser, then it's collected in a beaker, salt is left behind in flask. Cold water is passed through the bottom of the condenser and out through the top so the water is constantly cold and running and completely full of cold water at all times.	0%
describe the electrolysis of aqueous copper sulfate solution including half equations, what's formed at the cathode and anode, etc	first, we know our solution is made of hydroxide, hydrogen, copper and sulfate ions. At the cathode, a brown layer of copper forms around the cathode. This is because copper ions gain electron through reduction to form copper atoms. Copper is below hydrogen in the reactivity series this is why it forms on the cathode. The electron half equation is: Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ ─> Cu At the anode, bubbles of oxygen gas are released. Hydroxide ions lose electrons to form oxygen and water. The hydroxide ions react at the anode instead of the sulfate ions because hydroxide ions are more unstable. The electon half equation is: 4OH⁻ ─> O₂ + 2H₂O + 4e⁻	0%
explain the process of paper chromatography	First, we obtain chromatography paper, then we draw a pencil line near the bottom of the paper, this is called the baseline. Get your mixtures and dot them onto the baseline at regular intervals. Pour a shallow amount of solvent into a beaker and place the paper in this beaker so the baseline is just above the top of the solvent. Put a lid onto the container to stop any solvent evaporating. The solvent is absorbed into the paper and rises up it, taking the mixtures with it. Each dye moves up the paper at different rates, depending on how strongly they adhere to the paper and how soluble they are in the solvent.	0%
describe things relating to Rf values	For each dye their Rf value is calculated, if the Rf value of one of the components of the unknown mixture equals the Rf value of one of the SRM's then that component is that SRM. As solvent must travel higher than the highest dye the Rf value is always between 0 and 1. More soluble dyes have higher Rf values - as they are more soluble in the solvent so will be able to travel further - than less soluble ones the Rf value is 0 if the dye doesn't travel at all and stays on the baseline	0%
where do electrons flow in electrolysis	from the anode to the cathode	0%
why do atoms long for a full outer shell	full outer shell provides stability, so every unstable ( without full outer shell ) atom wants to become stable	0%
reduction	gain of electrons or loss of oxygen	0%
oxidation	gain of oxygen or loss of electrons	0%
explain the process of crystallisation	gently heat solution in an evaporating basin to evaporate off some water. Once the point of crystallisation is reached ( crystals begin to form), remove the basin from the heat and leave it to cool so it can crystallise, once hydrated crystals form, filter the crystals out and leave them in a warm place to dry so all water evaporates off and we form anhydrous crystals. If we left the solution on the first step, so gentle heat, and let all the water evaporate then we wouldn't form anhydrous crystals we would form anhydrous powder, and we want crystals.	0%
what type of structure is graphite	giant covalent structure	0%
what is solubility measured in	g of solute/ 100g of solvent	0%
what is a hydrogen ion	H⁺	0%
what is the displayed formula of hydrochloric acid \| what is the displayed formula of hydrogen chloride	H─Cl	0%
what is the displayed formula of hydrogen	H─H	0%
what is the displayed formula of water	H─O─H	0%
what is water of crystallisation	how many water molecules there are per solid molecule	0%
what is the real yield	how much product is made	0%
what is isotope abundance	how often the isotope is found as a percentage	0%
what determines how far the dye travels up the paper	how well it sticks to the paper	0%
what is a solid salt containing water of crystallisation called	hydrated salt	0%
why does the mass appear to change when zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid	hydrogen gas is produced which escapes into the surroundings	0%
how does subscript affect in the calculation of relative atomic mass	if subscript is in front multiply it with the atom's Ar	0%
how can we see the molar ratio	in a balanced equation	0%
how are elements in the periodic table arranged	increasing atomic number	0%
describe the structure of a simple molecular substance, like how they are broken, what are the forces, what type of bonds, boiling points, etc	in each molecule, atoms are covalently bonded, these covalent bonds in the molecules are strong. Between these molecules are weak forces of attraction called intermolecular forces which aren't covalent bonds, they are easily broken so require little energy to break. So simple molecular substances have low boiling points, the covalent bonds aren't broken, it's the weak intermolecular forces that're broken.	0%
why can't C₆₀ fullerenes conduct electricity even though they have 1 delocalised electron	in each molecule every carbon atom is bonded to 3 other carbon atoms, so there is 1 free electron, but these electrons cannot jump between different molecules so C₆₀ fullerenes cannot conduct electricity and they have a low melting point.	0%
where does diffusion happen	in fluids	0%
what are charged particles referring to	ions and electrons	0%
state the formula for relative atomic mass	∑ ( isotope abundance x isotope mass) ────────────────────────── ∑ ( isotope abundances)	0%
how can graphite conduct electricity	It has layers where each carbon atom is covalently bonded to 3 other carbon atoms. Carbon atoms can bond to 4 atoms so 1 electron from every carbon atom isn't involved in any bond, so it is a delocalised electron. These electrons form a sea of delocalised electrons between the layers. So even though graphite is a non-metal, it can still conduct electricity because it has these delocalised electrons between it's layers that can move freely and conduct electtricity.	0%
why is graphite used in pencils and lubricants	it's soft and slippery	0%
what is paper chromatography	it's the process that separates parts of mixtures into their constituents	0%
why does a simple molecular substance's melting and boiling point increase with size	larger molecules have more molecules so more intermolecular forces. These intermolecular forces are weak when isolated but when there are loads of them they are very strong. These forces have to be broken in order for the substance to melt or boil, so large molecules have loads of intermolecular forces which makes them strong so large molecules have high melting and boiling points	0%
what is a fluid	liquid or gas	0%
what's a solvent	liquid that dissolves a solute	0%
what's solubility	maximum mass of solute that dissolves in 100g of solvent, the mass dissolved and the temperature affect the solubility	0%
what are moles	measurements of chemical amounts	0%
if the ionic compound is insoluble how can we make it conduct electricity	melt it	0%
what is an ionic bond formed between	metal and non-metal	0%
3.21g of hydrated magnesium sulfate MgSO₄ .xH₂O was heated to create 1.567g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Find the value of x, therefore giving the formula of the hydrated salt.	MgSO₄.7H₂O	0%
explain the process of filtration in separating sand from sand water	mixture is poured into a funnel lined with filter paper, sand doesn't pass through the paper and is left behind, it's called the residue. The water does pass through and collects into the flask beneath, this is called the filtrate.	0%
are C₆₀ fullerenes considered molecules, elements, compounds or mixtures	molecules	0%
what is moles formula using 24	moles = volume / 24	0%
what is moles formula using volume	moles = volume x concentration	0%
what are electrolytes	molten or aqueous solutions of an ionic compound that can conduct electricity	0%
what is electrical conductivity	movement of charged particles	0%
what is the cathode	negative electrode	0%
what is an anion	negative ion	0%
what ions do non-metals form and why	negative ions because they gain electrons	0%
what charge do ionic compounds have \| what is the overall charge of an atom	neutral	0%
what is an ammonium ion	NH₄ ⁺	0%
what is the displayed formula of nitrogen	N≡N	0%
what is a nitrate ion	NO₃ ⁻	0%
can covalent compounds conduct electricity and explain why	no because usually they don't have any charged particles that're free to move, graphite is an exception.	0%
what is the full outer shell also known as	noble gas configuration	0%
why do ionic compounds not conduct electricity when solid	no delocalised anions	0%
can giant covalent structures conduct electricity when solid, aqueous or molten	no, except graphite	0%
what is a covalent bond formed between	non-metal and non-metal	0%
what does the number of protons equal	number of neutrons	0%
what is the mass number	number of protons and neutrons in an atom	0%
what is the atomic number	number of protons in an atom	0%
what is the displayed formula of carbon dioxide	O=C=O	0%
what is a hydroxide ion	OH ⁻	0%
why might a reaction appear to have different masses on each side	one of the reactants or products was a gas and it has escaped into the surroundings, making it impossible to weigh them	0%
what is the displayed formula of oxygen	O=O	0%
what does the mass appear to change during the corrosion of metals	oxide produced will have a larger mass than the starting metal, this is because oxygen from the air has reacted with the metal, the change in mass equals the number of oxygen molecules added	0%
what is a lead (ii) ion	Pb ²⁺	0%
what is the percentage yield	percentage of how much product was made compared to how much product we could've made	0%
what is the anode	positive electrode	0%
what is a cation	positive ion	0%
what ions do metals form and why	positive ions because they lose electrons	0%
what is simple distillation	process that separates out a liquid from a solution	0%
what is fractional distillation	process that separates out a mixture of different liquids with different boiling points	0%
what are the 3 main sub atomic particles in an atom	protons, electrons, neutrons	0%
what is the percentage yield's formula	real yield─────────── x 100 theoretical yield	0%
what does Ar mean	relative atomic mass	0%
what does Mr mean	relative formula mass	0%
what is Mr also known as	relative molecular mass	0%
what is rtp	room temperature and pressure	0%
what does it mean if an equation is balanced	same number of atoms on each side of the equation	0%
what do elements in the same period have in common	same number of electron shells	0%
what do elements in the same group have in common	same number of valence electrons	0%
what characteristic do elements in the same group have and why	similar chemical properties because they have the same amount of electrons in their outer most shell	0%
what type of structure does carbon dioxide have \| what type of structure has C₆₀ fullerene got	simple molecular structure	0%
what is an element	simplest type of a substance made of one type of atom	0%
what is an atom	smallest part of an element	0%
A compound contains 50.05g of sulfur and 49.95g of oxygen. Find the empirical formula.	SO₂	0%
what is a sulfate ion	SO₄ ²⁻	0%
describe the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride solution (NaCl) include half equations, what is formed at the anode and cathode, other equations, etc	solid sodium chloride is dissolved in water, making the sodium and chloride ions free to move. This solution also contains hydroxide and hydrogen ions because the water has slightly ionised as it's a very weak electrolyte. H₂O ⇌ H⁺ + OH⁻ Sodium and hydrogen ions are attracted to the cathode and chloride and hydroxide ions are attracted to the anode. At the anode, green chlorine gas is formed. This is because at the anode chloride ions lose an electron forming chlorine molecules through oxidation. Chloride ions react at the anode instead of hydroxide ions because they are more chloride ions. The chlorine gas produced might be lower than expected because chlorine is slightly soluble in water. The half equation is: 2Cl⁻ ─> Cl₂ + 2e⁻ At the cathode, colourless hydrogen gas is produced. This is because hydrogen ions gain electrons through reduction forming hydrogen molecules. The hydrogen ions react at the cathode instead of the sodium ions because sodium is higher up in the reactivity series. The half equation is: 2H⁺ + 2e⁻ ─> H₂ The solution at the end of this is sodium hydroxide.	0%
what's a solute	solid that dissolves in a liquid	0%
what two things change our chromatogram	solvent used and paper used	0%
why is percentage yield never 100%	some is stuck to the apparatus and wastedreactions may be slow or reversible unpredicted product may be made meaning the intended product may not have even been made might be hard to fully separate the product from the reaction mixture	0%
why does the baseline have to be above the solvent	so the dyes on the baseline don't dissolve in the solvent and ruin our experiment	0%
why do electrodes need to be inert	so they don't interfere with the reaction, all they do is supply the surface area for the reaction to take place on	0%
what are SRM's	standard reference materals	0%
what is a simple molecular structure	structure made only of molecules	0%
what is a compound	substance that contains two or more different substances that are chemically joined toegther	0%
describe the electrolysis of sulfuric acid	sulfuric acid is made of hydrogen ions, hydroxide ions and sulfate ions. At the cathode, bubbles of hydrogen gas are released. Hydrogen ions gain electrons through reduction, forming hydrogen molecules. The electron half equation is: 2H⁺ + 2e⁻ ─> H₂ at the anode, bubbles of oxygen are released. Hydroxide ions lose electrons through oxidation to form molecules of oxygen and water. The hydroxide ions react at the anode instead of sulfate ions because they're more reactive. The electron half equation is: 4OH⁻ ─> O₂ + 2H₂O + 4e⁻ In this equation : 2H₂O ─> 2H₂ + O₂ there are 2 times the amount of hydrogen molecules than oxygen, meaning there are twice as many moles, so more hydrogen gas is released.	0%
what is the Mr defintion	sum of all relative atomic masses of each atom in a formula	0%
what is the missing word: solubility of salts usually increases with increasing __________	temperature	0%
what is the molecular formula	the actual amount of atoms present in a molecule	0%
what is the definition of relative atomic mass including the word isotope	the average mass of all the isotopes of an element	0%
define electrolysis	the breaking down of an ionic compound that's molten or in aqueous solution into it's constituents using an electric current to form new substances	0%
what is electric current	the flow of ions or electrons	0%
what's a solution	the liquid formed when the solvent has successfully dissolved the solute	0%
what is the theoretical yield using the word maximum	the maximum mass of a product that could be produced in a chemical reaction	0%
what is diffusion	the movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration until an even concentration is achieved	0%
what is filtration	the process that separates an insoluble solid from a liquid	0%
what is crystallisation	the process that separates a soluble solid from a solution	0%
what is the Rf value	the ratio of how far the solute travels compared to the solvent	0%
why do ionic compound conduct electricity when molten or in aqueous solution	there are delocalised anions present, so the giant ionic lattice is broken meaning it's ions are free to move which can conduct electricity	0%
why is diffusion in liquids slow	there are only small gaps between liquid particles for the other particles to diffuse into and the random motion of fluids means that this will take a long time	0%
what is the empirical formula	the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound	0%
what is a covalent bond	the strong attraction between a shared pair of electrons and 2 nuclei	0%
what is ionic bonding	the strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions	0%
what are metallic bonds	the strong electrostatic attraction between the metal cations and the sea of delocalised electrons	0%
why are noble gases inert	they have a full outer shell	0%
why are metals malleable	they have layers of ions that can slide over each other easily	0%
why do 2 non metal atoms share pairs of electrons	to get a full outer shell becoming stable	0%
total mass of reactants equals....	total mass of products	0%
what are electrodes made of and what are their properties and why	usually made of graphite or platinum. These are inert, but can still conduct electricity, if they were reactive they would react with the substances and ruin the procedure. When we take the power supply away, the electrodes are just inert sticks, the power gives them their charge.	0%
what is volume's formula using concentration	volume = moles / concentration	0%
what is volume's formula using 24	volume = moles x 24	0%
what is the water called in a salt	water of crystallisation	0%
why are C₆₀ fullerenes soft and easy to break	weak intermolecular forces between the molecules which requires a small amount of energy to break	0%
describe condensing	when a gas is cooled, the particles lose kinetic energy and move slower until all the forces of attraction grow back, strong enough to keep them in a liquid state	0%
describe freezing	when a liquid is cooled, the particles lose kinetic energy and move so slow that all the forces of attraction form again, holding them together in a solid	0%
describe boiling	when a liquid is heated, the energy makes the particles move around fast enough to cause them to break free from their bonds, it causes all the forces of attraction to break completely, forming a gas	0%
what is subliming	when a solid is heated so much it turns directly into a gas, only a few substances can do this	0%
describe melting	when a solid is heated, the energy makes the particles vibrate so much that the forces of attraction weaken and the solid turns into a liquid.	0%
how are new substances made during electrolysis	When a voltage is applied to an electrolyte, the charged ions are attracted to the electrode with the charge opposite to it. When the ions touches the electrode, electrons are transferred, forming new substances.	0%
how is electricity and heat created using ions and electrons	when ions or electrons move in a material, energy can be transferred quickly	0%
how can metals conduct electricity	when metal atoms join together their outer electrons become delocalised, meaning they're free to move throughout the entire structure. So metals have a massive, regular structure of positive ions and a sea of delocalised electrons. So metals are good conductors of electricity because they have delocalised electrons that can move freely.	0%
what's a saturated solution	where no more solute can dissolve in the given volume of solvent under the present conditions, so the maximum amount of solute has dissolved in it already.	0%
how do we calculate water of crystallisation	write out the anhydrous salt and water's Mr, mass and then calculate moles. Then get molar ratio and substitute it into the compound. It's basically like the empirical formula	0%
can ionic compounds conduct electricity and explain why	yes and no. They can't conduct electricity when in solid form because they're ions aren't free to move. But when molten or in aqueous solution they can conduct electricity because their ions break free from their lattice and become free to move so can conduct electricity.	0%
do ions have a full outer shell and explain your answer	yes, because they have gained or lost the amount of electrons it took for them to become stable	0%
what is a zinc (ii) ion	Zn ²⁺	0%

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