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Geopolitics thinkers (piero's version) - Statistiques

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Statistiques - réponses

Hint	Réponse	% Correct
He is a scholar of the classical geopolitics movement. He developed the concept of heartland which are a type of regions that allow States that control them to dominate world politics (ex : eastern europe, central asia)	H.J. MacKinder	75%
He wrote a controversial book : The clash of civilizations. He explains that conflicts after the USSR will be more and more based on cultural and ideological differences more than economical reasons. His statement / geopolitical discourse influenced many western political actors in their view of the relations between the west and the islamic world (predominant place of the religion in the interactions). He can be used as an example during the debate on agency and the role academicians have in crafting global affairs as social constructions.	Samuel Huntington	50%
He’s a pioneer of classical geopolitics. He developed the idea of lebensraum (literally living space), which states that States need space to grow and compete for survival.	Friedrich Ratzel	25%
He developed 3 conceptual models to explain the decision-making process, through the case study of the cuban missile crisis. We think that people are rational when taking decisions, but international politics are way more complicated than that = revolutionary theory at the time.	Graham Allison	25%
He is the main scholar of the constructivist approach. He challenges Allison’s rational actor theory and the realist and neorealist approach saying that international relations and geopolitics are naturally anarchic. According to him, if geopolitics are violent and anarchic it’s because international politics have been built that way, it’s the result of a process. Is the interaction between all agents results in anarchy, shaped by discourse and interactions, then it can be changed and it’s not natural but rather a social construct.	Alexander Wendt	0%
He is one of the main scholars of the critical geopolitics movement. According to him, critical geopolitics doesn’t accept geography as neutral, it is a tool of power that can be used to justify political actions. He defines, along with O’Tuathail, critical geopolitics as an approach that seeks to uncover and challenge the assumption in traditional geopolitics that geographic factors influence political power relationships on a global scale. It focuses on how political actors spatialize the world, they represent certain places or regions in particular ways or in a way that will help them justify and legitimate their actions. They refuse to see geography as something neutral. He supports the idea that viewing geopolitics as State-centered is a territorial trap, this vision of the world assumes that political power is only exercised within states’ borders when it operates through networks and across different scales, influencing different spheres of life. This territorial trap ignores how globalisation and non-state actors also shape global politics (social movements, IO, corporations).	John Agnew	0%
He challenged the over simplistic and deterministic view of classical geopolitics, by saying it was rooted in colonialism, imperialism and CW ideologies. He gave his own definition of critical geopolitics, along with John Agnew	O'Tuathail	0%
He developed the theory of misperceptions and how they pollute global affairs. He focuses on the state’s behaviour through key actors within the state to understand how agents interpret intentions and actions of agents working for another state. Working for a state is a social action and because of that there are misperceptions and decisions are being made based on these misperceptions. It can have terrible consequences because leaders can see threats that don’t exist, miss signals of cooperation or conciliation because of cognitive biases or preconceived notions or beliefs.	Robert Jervis	0%
He developed the 2-levels game theory. To him, diplomacy is a game connected to domestic policies and because of this foreign policies are shaped by both levels. International level puts pressure on the domestic level.He also develops the concept of “win set” or how everyone can win from the agreement. There is a range of acceptable outcomes and results both at the international and domestic level.	Robert Putnam	0%
One of the main thinkers of critical geopolitics. Along with others, he tried to analyse how geographical knowledge is used by political actors to produce and maintain power. Geography is not neutral, it is a discursive construction (built by discourse)	Simon Dalby	0%

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