AQA A-level Psychology Paper 1 all the names

Suggested 2 process theory of NSI and ISI

Study uses maths problems to support the above

Believed there were individual differences in NSI

Used a bunch of lines to test conformity

Repeated the study above in UK and found only 1/396 conformed

The goat in the picture for the quiz

Revealed the goat may have exaggerated results stating 1/3 guards were abusive, 1/3 applied rules, 1/3 tried to help

Another goat who tested conformity by convincing pps they were shocking another "pp" to death.

Applied the above and found 21/22 nurses administered a lethal dose on a "doctors" orders.

Also applied the above and found 54% male and 100% female gave what they thought was a real lethal shock to a puppy

Revealed tapes from the goat above showing that pps expressed doubts about the shocks being real.

Supported idea of Agentic Shift by showing Milgram research to students who blamed experimenter instead of pps

Supported Legitimacy of Authority - obedience 76% when uniform present, 30% regular clothes

Two studies that repeated Milgram study - one found 16% Australians went to top voltage, second found 85% Germans went to top

Identified "authoritarian personality" and developed California F-scale, used on 2000 middle-class Americans.

Supported F-scale, used it on fully obedient pps from shock study

Support for LOC, repeated shock study - high internal LOC less likely to do highest shock, only 23% high external LOC resisted obedience

Analysed obedience studies over 40 years - data showed people have become more resistant to obedience

172 pps (female, American), groups of 6 (2 confederates) shown 36 different blue slides. Confederates either said all were green or 24 were green.

meta-analysis of similar studies to above and found similar results

Supports NSI leading to social change. Hung messages on people's doors daily for a month stating people were trying to reduce energy consumption. Other people did the same

Stated reciprocity increases in frequency as infant and caregiver pay increasing attention to verbal/facial signals

Controlled observation for interactional synchrony. Adult did 1 of 3 faces or a hand gesture. Child had dummy in mouth then removed

longitudinal study from infant to teen, found infant attachment with mother was related to adolescent attachment, but not father

Supports role of father, found PCG fathers behaved the same as PCG mothers

Stages of attachment, Glasgow, 60 babies, working class mothers, longitudinal

Studied imprinting on goslings

IGD, 16 baby rhesus monkeys in cages

suggested learning theory of attachment using classical and operant conditioning

Rejected learning theory, said attachment is innate. Monotropy, critical period, social releasers, IWM, continuity hypothesis

Supports IWM, 99 mothers with 1y/o babies. Through interviews and observations found mothers with poor attachment to own mother, had poor attachment with their babies.

Supports monotropy being innate. Studied Israeli Kibbutz - kids spend most time with nurses, but still form monotropic bond with mothers

Strange Situation Technique (SST)

said SST had low ecological validity due to artificial setting for child

Meta-analysis of 32 studies in 8 countries with nearly 2000 assessments using SST.

Theory of maternal deprivation, critical period of 2.5 years. Supported with study on 44 thieves. 14/44 affectionless psychopaths, 12/14 experienced maternal deprivation before 2. - 2/44 for control

supported above of maternal deprivation causing low IQ. Found adopted/fostered children had higher IQ than those in institution

critcised "critical" period - twin Czech boys isolated from 1.5-7y/o, then looked after by 2 loving adults and recovered completely.

English & Romanian adoptee (ERA) study. 165R orphans adopted in E, physical, cognitive, emotional development tested at 4,6,11,15.

Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Used SST to assess 95 kids aged 12-31 months spent most of life in institution. Control of 50 kids.

"The Love Quiz" supports IWM and continuity hypothesis. 620 pps replied to newspaper to do quiz. 56% secure, 25% insecure-avoidant, 19% insecure-resistant

Supports IWM and continuity hypothesis. found secure unlikely involved in bullying, avoidant most likely victims, resistant most likely bullies

Assessed capacity of STM using digit span technique - giving pps string of digits then immediate recall. Continue adding digits until they fail. Mean span for digits was 9.3, letters was 7.3

reviewed research, concluded STM capacity was 7±2. Stated chunking info together allows us to remember more

24 pps (male and female psychology undergrads), each did 18 trials. Each trial pp given trigram and 3 digit number, counted back in 3s. Each trial different retention interval: 3,6,9,12,15,18 secs. 90% recalled trigram with 3 sec, 2% with 18 sec. Duration of STM is 12-18 secs without rehearsal

392 American ex-high school students aged 17-74. Photo recognition test = 90% accuracy after 15 years, 70% after 48. Free recall = 60% after 15 years, 30% after 48. LTM Almost infinite capacity & duration, needs cues

Gave pps 1 of 4 word lists. words were either acoustically similar/dissimilar or semantically similar/dissimilar. either recalled immediately or after 20 mins. STM coded acoustically, LTM coded semantically

Came up with multi store model of memory (MSM). Assumes sensory memory (SM), STM and LTM are unitary, with info passing linearly.

Discovered SM has modality specific coding, a huge capacity, and a very short duration of about 0.5 seconds

Subject of a case study with amnesia. Couldn't remember anything within 30s, but can remember things from before amnesia, like his wife and piano

A case study on patient KF who could recall verbal, but not visual info immediately after presentation, suggesting multiple STM stores

Came up with working memory model (WMM) suggesting STM isn't unitary. Has central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer

Proposed 3 types of LTM: episodic, semantic, procedural

Argued episodic and semantic are stored together as declarative memory

Studied retroactive interference - got pps to learn words until recall 100%. Then learned new list. Recall of original decreased if words were similar to 2nd list.

Asked rugby players to recall names of teams played. Players recall was better 3 weeks ago if they hadn't played any games since. Shows retroactive interference

Encoding specificity principle (ESP) - context/state dependent cues

Sea divers (Land/Water) - 1:learn L, recall L 2:lean L, recall W 3: learn W, recall L 4:learn W, recall W. Matched conditions = 40% higher recall

Similar study to above - learn list of words on/off anti-histamine to make drowsy

Studied leading questions. 45 students shown 7 films of car crashes, given questionnaire asked speed of car with "contacted", "hit", "bumped", "collided", "smashed"

Studied post-event discussion, each pp watched video of crime from different POV, then asked to discuss with pair, then do recall test. 71% of pps claimed to see something they didn't.

Studied anxiety, pps sat in "waiting room". Low anxiety group heard argument in next room, man left room holding pen with oil on hand. High anxiety group heard argument + breaking glass, man left with knife and blood. 49% low anxiety identified him, only 33% high anxiety.

Contradicts above. Canadian shop owner shot thief dead, 13 witnesses took part, interviewed 4-5 months after crime. Most stressed pps 85% accurate, least stressed 75%.

Developed cognitive interview. Report everything, reinstatement of original context, reverse the order, changing the perspective

Meta-analysis of 53 studies found 34% increased accuracy using CI

Police say CI takes too long and often limit eye witness report. Also requires special training - money

Proposed some signs of failing to function adequately. No longer conforms to interpersonal rules, experiencing personal distress, irrational or dangerous

Criteria for someone with ideal mental health. High self-esteem, self-actualisation, independent, resistance to stress, environmental mastery, accurate perception of reality

Two process theory. Phobias learned by classical conditioning, maintained through operant

Study of Little Albert supports the above

Study supports systematic desensitisation (SD). 42 patients, one group with SD, other with relaxation therapy without hierarchy. SD showed less fear after 33 months

Suggested SD isn't useful for phobias with evolutionary basis

Cognitive theory of depression, including: faulty information processing, negative self schema, negative triad

Supports the above. Assessed 65 women for how vulnerable their thought patterns were before/after birth. More vulnerable, more likely to experience post-natal depression.

ABC model

CBT. 5-20 sessions, 30-60 mins long, weekly/fortnightly. 1.Identify severity, 2.Establish baseline, 3.client is asked how perceive self, future and world, 4.reality testing, 5.replace irrational with rational

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) - ABCDE model. D-dispute, E-effect. Shame attacking

Shows CBT is effective. 3 groups of depressed patients. 1.CBT, 2.antidepressants, 3.both. 81% of 1 and 2 improved after 36 weeks, 86% for 3.

Studied role of genetics in OCD. 37% of his patients had parent with OCD, 21% had sibling with OCD

Showed OCD is polygenic, analysed several studies, found up to 230 genes involved. e.g.SERT gene = lower serotonin, COMT gene = higher dopamine.

Reviewed twin studies, found concordance rate of 68% for OCD in Mz twins, 31% in Dz.

Studied OCD patients, over half suffered traumatic events, OCD more severe if suffered more than 1 trauma - diathesis stress model

Shown that brain circuits involved in decision making are involved in OCD instead of worry circuit. Mixed evidence

Reviewed 17 studies of use of SSRIs, found they're more effective than placebos in reducing OCD symptoms up to 3 months after treatment. Also found nausea, headaches and insomnia are common side-effects. Tricyclics have hallucinations, irregular heart beat. BZs have aggressiveness, long-term memory impairment.

Showed OCD patients relapse within a few weeks if meds are stopped.