AP Euro Study Guide

People who believed that the plague was god's punishment for sin and sought to do penance by whipping themselves

A war between England and France from 1337 to 1453 with political and economic causes and consequences

Deliberative meetings of lords and wealthy urban residents that flourished in many European countries between 1250 and 1450

The division or split in church leadership from 1378 to 1417 when there were two then three popes

A French word meaning rebirth, used to describe the rebirth of the culture of the classical antiquity in Italy during the 14th to 16th century

Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals

Sworn associations of free men in Italian cities led by merchant guilds that sought political and economic independence from local nobles. Created a merchant elite

Disenfranchised common people in Italian cities who resented their exclusion from power

Governments by one-man rule in Italian cities such as Milan; Also refers to these rulers

A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature. Praised the works of mankind, like Ancient Rome

The quality of being able to shape the world according to one's own will

A book the sought to train, discipline, and fashion the young man into a gentleman. (Need to name the title and author)

Book that argues that the function of a ruler is to preserve order and security. (Need to name the title and author)

Northern Humanists, who interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity and humanism in terms of their own religious traditions

The most Famous Christian humanist

Revolutionary technology that allowed information to spread at heightened rates

An order made by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain which expelled all practicing Jews from Spain

A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance of time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins

Martin Luther's main belief (4 words)

The name originally given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.

The fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it.

A denomination of Protestantism that focuses on predestination and god's sovereignty.

A council called in 1545 to reform the Catholic Church

Members oof the Society of Jesus, whose goal was to spread the Catholic faith.

French Calvinists who mostly lived in major cities

Savage Catholic attack on Calvinists in Paris in 1572 at the wedding of Henry of Navarre

A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598 granting liberty of Conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.

The alliance of seven northern provinces led by Holland that declared its independence from Spain and formed the Netherlands

Italian city states, which controlled the European spice trade

Spanish Soldier-explorers, such as Hernán Cortes and Francisco Pizarro

A small, maneuverable, three mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the 15th century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade

Classical knowledge of maps and longitude and latitude that was reintroduced in 1410 to Europeans. It allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps.

A nautical device that helped ships navigate the sea

This Portuguese Prince funded many of the Portuguese explorations for discovery

The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east

This man led the voyage that first circumnavigated the world

Cortes conquered this empire

Pizzaro conquered this empire

A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of natives in exchange for providing, food shelter, and Christian teachings. Conditions were normally harsh.

Enormous tracts of farmland worked by dependent indigenous laborers and slaves

The exchange of animals, plants, and disease between the old and new worlds

Main export of Europe to the new world in the Columbian exchange (simple)

Main export of the New world to Europe (simple)

A system of transatlantic trade that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas, primarily during the 16th to 19th centuries. It involved the exchange of goods and, most infamously, enslaved people.

Three justifications for European Colonization

Nickname given to the Spanish regarding their cruelty in the new world

A complex European conflict primarily fought in Central Europe, with various causes including religious tensions between Catholics and Protestants, political rivalries, and dynastic ambitions

When two Habsburg imperial officials and their secretary were thrown from a window of Prague Castle over religious disputes, sparking the 30 years war.

A complex political entity in Central Europe that existed from 962 to 1806, not a unitary state, but a confederation of numerous smaller states, territories, and city-states

This phase of the 30 years war began with a Protestant rebellion in Bohemia against Catholic Habsburg rule, sparked by the Defenestration of Prague. It was a primarily religious conflict, with the Protestants seeking independence from the Holy Roman Emperor.

This phase of the 30 years war was when Denmark, a Protestant power, intervened to aid the Protestants, expanding the conflict beyond Bohemia. However, they were ultimately defeated by the Holy Roman Empire.

This phase of the 30 years war was when Sweden, a major Protestant power, entered the war. The Swedish intervention brought a new dimension to the war, making it more continental and political.

France, despite being Catholic, intervened to support the Protestants, primarily due to political motivations of weakening the Habsburgs. This phase saw a shift towards a more political conflict, with religious divisions becoming secondary to power struggles.

The name of a series of treaties that ended the 30 years war in 1648 and marked the end of large scale religious violence in Europe

The “Sun King” who was the founder of French Absolutism

A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nation's international power was based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver

A European great power conflict fought between 1701 and 1714 caused by the death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700, which led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between supporters of the French Bourbons and the Austrian Habsburgs.

A series of treaties from 1713 to 1715 that ended the War of Spanish Succession, French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire

The nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia, who were reluctant allies of Frederick William in his consolidation of the Prussian State

Prussian King who created the best European army

Russian King, who improved Russian infrastructure and created the Russian navy by learning from other European countries

England and the Netherlands developed towards ____. A form of government in which power is limited by law and balanced between the authority and power of the government and the rights and liberties of the citizens.

A form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people through elected representatives

Members of a 16th and 17th century reform movement within the Church of England that tried to purify the Roman Catholic elements

Conflict in 1642 between the king of England and parliament

This king was executed by Parliament in 1649 and gave way to a protectorate under Oliver Cromwell

In Leviathan, this philosopher wrote that life was nasty brutish and short and that a social contract was needed in which subjects placed themselves under the rule of an absolute ruler

A mercantilist policy in 1651 that required that English goods be transported on English Ships

Legislation passed in 1673 by English Parliament to secure the position of the Anglican Church by stripping puritans, catholics, and other dissenters of the right to vote, preach, assemble, hold office, and attend university.

The replacement of one English King with another, with no bloodshed. Ensured the reign of William and Mary of Orange.

In Two Treatises of Government, this philosopher wrote that all men have natural rights of life, liberty, and property

Executive office of each estate of the Netherlands

Overblown, unbalance art style glorifying biblical events

Revolutionary new understanding of the universe at the end of the 17th century

The theory of this ancient Greek stated that the earth was held in place by celestial crystal spheres and that the heavens were perfect

The idea that the earth is the center of the universe

The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe

Scientist who developed laws of planetary motion

Scientist who theorized the Heliocentric Model

Scientist who theorized the law of Inertia. Which states that an object in motion will stay in motion without being acted on by external force.

Scientist who wrote the Principia and synthesized the law of Universal Gravitation

A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and expirementation rather than deductive reason and speculation, created by Sir Francis Bacon

Descartes's view that all reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter

The Scientific Revolution contributed to the start of this intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

A secular, Critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason

The idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.

A group of French intellectuals who were the drivers of the Enlightenment

Philosophe who argued for a separation of powers in the “Persian Letters”

Most famous philosophe who believed in deism and realizable equality.

Philosophe who created the encyclopedia, spreading knowledge

Philosophe who challenged rationalism and influenced the romantic movement

Scottish Philosopher who emphasized civic morality and religious skepticism

In the Wealth of Nations, this philosopher advocated for a free market guided by the invisible hand

Social gatherings held by rich Parisians where philosophes discussed literature, science, and philosophy

These 18th century monarchs who renounced their own authority and adopted ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance

View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good

This enlightened monarch drew on principles of Cameralism to reform Prussia to an extent, while having intense militaristic principles

Russian Ruler who imported western art and writers, tried domestic reform, and expanded territory.

Austrian Ruler who reformed the church, strengthened the central bureaucracy, and improved the lives of the agricultural population

The Jewish Enlightenment led by Moses Mendelssohn, which led to increased tolerance

Important aspect of English Agricultural development that saw land be privatized

The transformation of large numbers of peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners

This was caused by improvements in agriculture, living conditions (sewage and plumbing), and the Columbian exchange

A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market

The eighteenth-century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw material to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchants

A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals rich and poor

A global conflict that pitted major European powers against each other, with key battles fought in Europe, North America (known as the French and Indian War), and India. 1756-1763

The treaty that ended the Seven Years War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British Victory on all fronts

The richest city in Europe during the 18th century

A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing, food, and a little money.

This country/colony received the most slaves from the Atlantic Slave Trade

This name refers to mixed race children of indigenous/slaves and white colonizers in the Spanish colonies

This joint stock company took control of India after the Treaty of Paris

Wide-ranging growth in consumption and new attitudes toward consumer goods that emerged in the cities of Northwestern Europe during the second half of the eighteenth century

A protestant revival movement in early-eighteenth-century Germany and Scandinavia that emphasized a warm and emotional region, the priesthood of all believers, the and the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs

“Liberty consists in being able to do anything that does not harm another people” radical work at the beginning of the French Revolution

A legislative body in prerevolutionary France, made up of representatives of each of the three classes, or estates. It was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614

Characterized by the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the implementation of reforms inspired by Enlightenment ideals.

The three legal categories of France inhabitants: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else.

The first French revolutionary legislature, made up primarily of representatives of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy, in session from 1789 to 1791

An act in which members of the third estate pledged not to disband until they had been recognized as a national assembly and had written a new constitution

Several hundred people stormed this symbol of the French monarchy

The fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the French Countryside and led to further revolt

This man transformed France during the French Revolution and spearheaded the reign of terror

This author demanded equal rights for women during the French Revolution

A political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans

From 1792 to 1795, the second phase of the French Revolution, during which the fall of the French monarchy introduced a rapid radicalization. Radical Phase of the French Revolution.

A moderate group that fought for control of the French national Convention in1793

Led by Robespierre, the French National Convention's radical faction, which seized legislative power in 1793

The laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city

This was used to execute thousands during the Reign of Terror

The period from 1793 to 1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was improved

This reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls

In 1799, this man was named first consul of the republic

This French Civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property, as well as restricting rights accorded to women by the previous revolutionary laws

The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except GB and Russia

A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military. It failed

These two things were the main cause of Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia

This was the name of the short period after which Napoleon escaped Elba and returned to France

This wealthy sugarcane rich colony of France was the first colony to gain independence in 1791, as a rebellion led by Toussaint l'Overture toppled the French colonizers

A meeting of the Quadruple alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain) restoration France, and smaller European States to fashion a general peace settlement that began after that defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814

European powers were trying to maintain this at the Congress of Vienna

A political ideology that emphasized the preservation of traditional institutions, monarchy, and social hierarchies in Europe following the upheavals of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.

The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; representative government and equality before the law; individuals freedoms

The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state

A political philosophy calling for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a classless society

An artistic movement that was in part a revolt against classicism and the enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, imagination, and spontaneity in art and the personal life

This Austrian politician was the primary proponent of Conservatism

An alliance formed by the conservatism rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements

Issued in 1819, these repressive regulations were designed to uphold Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squash liberal organizations

A doctrine of Economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy

A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of industrial society, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater social equality, and state regulation of property

The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and exploited the working class

The industrial working class who were unfairly exploited by the profit seeking middle class

This was the main work of Marx and Engels

A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in the late 18th century

Where did the Industrial Revolution start

These conditions made Britain able to Industrialize

This machine made textiles able to be factory produced

Water powered machine that required a more specialized well to make textiles

These type of workers notoriously worked in factories

James Watt created this, which allowed for faster transportation of goods

This building was the center of the Industrial fair that showed off Britain's industrial power. Also, a soccer team in the Premier League

Fastest growing industrial states

Steady growing Industrial state due to the inability to easily access Coal

One economic technique that supports and aids its own economy by laying high taxes on imported from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high taxis on imported products

A customs union, formed in 1834, is the treaty that facilitated trade between Prussian states and other German states. It created a free-trade area, a common external tariff, and a revenue-sharing mechanism.

English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements

A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten

This city was the center of Britain's industrialization

A group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work

Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might with those of other classes

British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1814

British laws governing the import and export of grain which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people

The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws

A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas

This British law limited the workday for women and young people in factories to ten hours

Result of four years of potato crop failure in Ireland

Many nationalistic revolutions took place during this year

This king assumed the throne and assumed the title of “Citizen King” in 1830

The revolutions of 1848 failed and governments reacted this way in the short term (politically)

A liberal plan for German National Unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian empire put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Frederick Wilhelm IV

During the Industrial Revolution, big cities were plagued with unhealthy and overcrowded _____ __________

The highly skilled workers, such as factory foreman and construction bosses, who made up 15% of the working classes from about 1850-1914

The idea of Jeremy Bentham that social policies should promote the greatest good for the greatest number

The idea that disease was caused by the spread of living organisms that could be controlled

Poorly paid handicraft production, often carried out by married women paid by the piece and working at home

Marriage based on romantic love and middle-class family values became increasingly dominant in the second half of the 19th century

The 19th century gendered division of labor and lifestyles that cast men as breadwinners and women as homemakers

A militant movement for women's right to vote led by middle class women around 1900

The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth in the last third of the nineteenth

The concept created by Charles Darwin which stated that species evolve gradually and adjust to their environment

A body of thought drawn from the ideas of Charles Darwin that applied evolution to human affairs and saw the human race as driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest

A literary movement that in context to romanticism stressed the depiction of life it actually was

This king was chosen in France after universal suffrage and popular support gave him three times as many votes as the other candidates

This man fought for the unification of Italy. through guerrilla Warfare

This man fought for the unification of Italy through advocating for Piedmont Sardinia and a powerful European ally to unify the city states

The guerilla army of Garibaldi who invaded Sicily in 1860 in an attempt to liberate it, winning the hearts of the Sicilian peasantry

Conservative realpolitik whose ruthless and pragmatic leadership unified Germany

How many wars did Bismarck fight to unify Germany

What was the first war in the fight to unify Germany

What was the second war in the fight to unify Germany

What was the third war in the fight to unify Germany

This was formed in the French capital following their loss of the Franco-Prussian War. It was then brutally overthrown by the army.

Where was the official unification of Germany

The popularly elected lower house of government of the German Empire after 1871

Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church within Germany from 1870 to 1878

A German working-class political party founded in the 1870s that championed Marxism in theory but in practice simply advocated for reform

A conflict fought between 1853 and 1856 over Russian desires to expand into ottoman territory; Russia was defeated by France, Britain, and the Ottomans, underscoring the need for reform in the Russian Empire

A massacre of peaceful protesters at the winder palace in St. Petersburg in 1905 that overturned the absolute tsarist rule, transforming the government into a constitutional monarchy

The Russian parliament that opened in 1906, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but controlled after 1907 by the tsar and the conservative classes

A divisive case in which a Jewish military officer was found guilty of treason with little evidence. The Catholic Church sided with the Anti-Semites and after the man was declared innocent, the French Government severed all ties with the Catholic Church

A bill proposed by the liberal Party in the UK, which tried to increase the welfare state

Inspired by nationalistic movements across Europe, these people began their own independence movement in the 1880s, although they didn't get independence until after WW1.

This group in the Austro-Hungarian Empire gained virtual independence after restoring the countries 1848 constitution

Although Nationalism increased national unity, it also unfortunately led to much of this as people were divided on ethnic, national, and religious lines.

A movement dedicated to building a National Homeland in Israel, started by Theodor Herzl

An effort by moderate socialists to update Marxist doctrines to reflect the realities of the late 19th century

Settler colonies with established populations like North America, Australia, New Zealand and Latin America, where Europe found outlets for population growth and its most profitable investment opportunities

Two mid-19th century conflicts between China and the UK over the British Trade in a certain drug. The wars were fought to “open” China to European free trade.

The use of military force to coerce a government into economic or political agreements

Policies and beliefs, often influenced by nationalism, scientific racism, and mass migration, that gave preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants

The late-19th century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad.

A meeting of European leaders held in 1884 and 1885 to lay down some basic rules for imperialistic competition in sub-Saharan Africa

War fought from 1899-1902 in South Africa between the Boers and the British. The use of concentration camps for the first time were employed by the British.

This weapon gave the Europeans a massive advantage in combat versus the African peoples

Causes of new-imperialism included economic motives, safeguarding strategic locations, but most famously the “______ ____ ________.” The idea that Europeans could and should civilize more primitive nonwhite peoples and that imperialism would give those people better standards of living

A term used to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures

This uprising in India fought against imperialism

The restoration of the Japanese emperor to power in 1867, leading to the subsequent modernization of Japan

The alliance of Austria, Germany, and Italy. Italy left the alliance when war broke out in 1914 on the grounds that Austria had launched a war of aggression

This crisis brought together Britain, France, and Russia

The alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia prior to and during WW1

These wars destabilized Europe, as the Ottoman Empire, the “Sick man of Europe", collapsed

The Balkans were called this before WW1

This event sparked WW1 after Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian Nationalistic Terror group the Black Hand, caused this event

Failed Germany plan calling for a lighting attack through Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia

A war in which distinctions between soldiers and civilians are blurred, and where the government plans and controls economic and social life to supply armies with weapons and supplies

This term was coined by the allies to dehumanize the actions of Germany in its attack on Belgium

A type of fighting used in WW1 behind rows of trenches, mines, and barbed wire. This type of fighting caused increased death tolls and minimal territorial gains

For the first time, Tanks, Planes, and this controversial method of fighting were deployed in action during WW1

The 1919 peace settlement that ended war between Germany and the allied power

Woodrow Wilson's 1918 peace proposal calling for open diplomacy, reduction in weaponry, freedom of commerce and trade, a League of Nations, and national self-determination

A permanent internation organization that was designed to protect member states from aggression and avert future wars

Unplanned uprising accompanied by violent street demonstrations begun in 1917 in Petrograd, Russia that led to the abdication of the tsar and the establishment of a provisional government

A huge, fluctuating mass of two to three thousand workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals modeled on the revolutionary Soviets of 1905

This man started the Russian Revolution

Lenin's radical, revolutionary arm of the Russian Party of Marxist socialism, which succesfully installed a dictatorial socialist regime in Russia

Lenin promised these three things to the people in return for support

This man was the brains behind the Bolsheviks military operations in the Russian Civil War

This group fought against the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil war and were called the ______

The application of centralized state governments during the Russian civil war, in which the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work

An article in the Treaty of Versailles that declared that Germany was soley responsible for the war ad had to pay reparations equal to all civilian damages caused by the war

A 1924 agreement that addressed the issue of German reparations after World War I. It aimed to restructure Germany's reparation payments and stabilize its economy by providing loans and reorganizing the Reichsbank.

The plan to allow Britain and France to administer former ottoman territories, put into place after WW1

A 1917 British statement that declared British support of a National Home Jewish People in Israel

A philosophy that sees meaning in only those beliefs that can be empirically proven, and that therefore rejects most of the concerns of traditional philosophy, from the existence of God to the meaning of happiness, as nonsense

A philosophy that stresses the meaningless of existence and the importance of the individual in searching for moral values in an uncertain world

This philosopher said "god is dead' and was one of the fathers of existentialism

A time of scientific discovery from the likes of Curie, Einstein, and Heisenberg

A label given to the artistic and cultural movements of the late 19th century and early 20th century, which were typified by radical experimentation that challenged traditional forms of artistic expression

The principle that buildings, like industrial projects, should serves as well as possible the purpose for which they were made, without excessive ornamentation

A Germany interdisciplinary school of fine and applied arts that brought together many leading modern architechts,

An artistic movement of the 1920s and 1930s that attacked all accepted standards of art and behavior and delighted in outrageous conduct

A worldwide economic depression from 1929 to 1939, unique in its severity and duration with slow and uneven recovery

This pact renounced war as an instrument of international policy

This was the name of the German state after WW1

Mass _____________ was one of the most devastating effects of the Great Depression

The Weimar Republic suffered from this, which collapsed the German currency

This helped the Scandinavian countries deal with the Great Depression. It grew out of a strong tradition of cooperative community.

A short-lived New-Deal inspired alliance in France that encouraged the union movement and launched a far-reaching program of social reform

A radical dictatorship that excises “total claims” over the beliefs and behaviors of the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of a society

A movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist nationalist, anti-socialism, a dynamic and violent leader, and glorification of war and the military

A pseudoscientific doctrine saying the selective breeding of Human beings can improve the general characteristics of a national population, which helped inspire Nazi ideals about national unity and racial exclusion and ultimately contributed to the holocaust

A plan launched by Stalin in 1928 aimed at modernizing the Soviet Union and creating a new Communist Society

Lenin's 1921 policy to reestablish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration

The forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large state-controlled enterprises in the Soviet Union under Stalin

The wealthy peasants, who were stripped of land and livestock under Stalin and were generally not permitted to join collective farms; many were deported or starved

Forced Starvation of Millions in Ukraine

The removal of party administrators and old Bolsheviks who were “against Stalin”

Dictator of Italy during the WW2 Era

Mussolini's private militia that destroyed social newspapers, union halls, and socialist party headquarters, eventually pushing socialists out of the city governments in northern Italy

Italian agreement that recognized the Vatican as an independent state, in return for support from the Pope

This conflict was the practice grounds for WW2, with the Nationalists fighting the republicans, a fascist victory set the tone for what would come in the next years

A movement and political party driven by extreme nationalism and racism led by Hitler

An act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazis that gave Hitler absolute power for four years

The British policy toward Germany prior to World War II that aimed at granting Hitler's territorial demands, including western Czechoslovakia, in order to avoid war

The conference where the appeasement policy was formally put into place

German lightning attack

This was signed between Russia and Germany, dividing Poland

The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all Jews and other groups deemed racially inferior during the Second World War

Conference where the Allies determined the partition of Germany and the fate of Europe post WW2

America's policy geared to containing communism to those countries already under soviet control

American plan for providing economic aid to Western Europe to help it rebuild

Churchill declared that an “_____ ________” had fallen across Europe dividing the soviets and the west

An economic organization of Communist states meant to help rebuild East Bloc countries under Soviet Auspices

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, an anti-Soviet military alliance of Western Governments

Soviet Backed military alliance of East Bloc Communist countries in Europe

The use of Western allied aircraft to supply Berlin through the air after Stalin closed the roads to Berlin, which would have led to forced starvation

Center-Right political parties that rose to power in Western Europe after the Second Civil War

The European Economic Community, created by six western and central European countries in the West Bloc in 1957 as part of a larger search for European Unity. It was an early precursor to the EU

The liberalization of the post-Stalin Soviet Union led by reformer Nikita Khrushchev

The postwar reversal of Europe's overseas expansion caused by the rising demand of the colonized peoples themselves, the declining power of European nations, and the freedoms promised by U.S. and Soviet Ideals

Policy of postcolonial governments to remain neutral in the Cold War and play both the United States and Soviet Union for what they could get

A postcolonial system to perpetuates Western economic exploitation in former colonial territories

German for Willy Brandt's new Eastern policy. West Germany's attempt in the 70s to ease diplomatic tensions with East Germany, exemplifying the policies of détente

The progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions that emerged in the early 70s

1960s counterculture movement that embraced updated forms of Marxism to challenge both Western Capitalism and Soviet-style communism

Doctrine created by Brezhnev that held that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any east bloc country when necessary to preserve Communist Rule

The Organization of petroleum Exporting Countries

Term coined in the early 1980s to describe the combination of low growth and high inflation that led to a worldwide recession

Philosophy of the 1980s conservatives who argued for privatization of state-run industries and decreased government spending on social services

Term used by Communist leaders to describe the socialist accomplishments of their societies, such as nationalized industry, collective agriculture, and social welfare programs

A period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia, led by Alexander Dubček, that lasted from January 1968 until the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact invasion in August 1968. This period saw the introduction of reforms aimed at creating a “communism with a human face,” including freedoms of speech, press, and travel.

Policy created by Gorbachev that reformed the economy

Soviet Premier Gorbachev's popular campaign for openness in government and the media

The term given to the relatively peaceful overthrow of communism in Czechoslovakia, eventually came to signify the collapse of the eastern bloc in general

Basis for the formation of the European Union