Developmental Psych Study Guide

Periods of life initiated by distinct transitions in physical or psychological functioning.

Who created the Cognitive Theory of Development

What was the three word summary of the Cognitive Theory of Development

Mental structures that guide thinking

First Pillar of the Cognitive Theory of Development

Second Pillar of the Cognitive Theory of Development

Third Pillar of the Cognitive Theory of Development

First stage Piaget's theory (Birth to age 2): Children mostly give reflexive responses with very little thinking involved.

Fear of strangers

The knowledge that objects exist independently of one’s own actions or awareness.

(2 to 6/7 years of age): A stage marked by well-developed mental representation and the use of language.

(7 to 11 years): child develops the abilities of irreversibility, conservation and mental operations. They can think logically about concrete events.

Last stage: people begin to think about issues like being more accepted by peers, and abstract issues like love, fairness and our reason for existence.

The ability to infer (understand) other’s mental states, and know they may be different than our own.

Who said: the emphasis on how the child’s mind grows through interaction with the social environment.

The level of how able you are to solve problems without the help of adults

This Psychologist has a famous theory on Morals

Moral code is shaped by the standards of adults and the consequences of following or breaking their rules

Internalize the standards of adult role models and act to maintain social order and fit in group

Individual Judgement based on self-chosen principles, and moral reasoning is based on individual rights and justice

Psychologist who saw human development as a sequence of psychosocial stages, defined by common problems that emerge throughout life.

First stage 0-12 months

1-3 years

3-6 years

6-puberty

Adolescence

Early Adulthood

Middle Adulthood

Late adulthood

Development period before birth

Birth- one month

1 month- 18/24 months

substances from the environment that can damage the developing baby.

close coordination between the gazing, vocalizing, touching and smiling of mothers and infant

the enduring social-emotional relationship between a child and parent or caregiver.

when a powerful attraction occurs between infants and the first moving object or individual they spend time with.

Parenting style where Parent is warm, attentive and sensitive to child’s needs and interests

Parenting style where the parent is cold and rejecting; frequently degrades the child

Parenting style where the parent is warm but may spoil the child

Parenting style where the parent is emotionally detached, withdrawn and inattentive

biological traits.

biological traits and social characteristics.

Lasting change in behavior or mental process as the result of an experience.

learning by associations

A learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed.

Learning not to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus.

Forms of learning which can be described in terms of stimuli and responses.

Any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning.

A stimulus that automatically-without conditioning or learning- provokes a reflexive response.

A response resulting from an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning.

The learning stage during which a conditioned response comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus.

the originally neutral stimulus that gains the power to cause the response.

response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

The diminishing (or lessening) of a learned response, when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus.

The response after a rest period of an extinguished conditioned response.

Similar stimuli can create a conditioned response.

The ability to distinguish between two similar signals stimulus.

A form of learning in which the probability of a response is changed by its consequences.

The idea that responses that produced desirable results would be learned, or “stamped” into the organism.

________ is a condition in which the presentation or removal of a stimulus, that occurs after a response (behavior), strengthens that response or makes it more likely to happen again in the future.

A stimulus presented after a response that increases the probability of that response happening again

something that is naturally reinforcing: food, warmth, water, pleasure

something you have learned is a reward because it is paired with a primary reinforcement in the long run:

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus that increases the probability of that response happening again.

A reinforcement schedule under which all correct responses are reinforced

A technique where new behavior is produced by reinforcing responses that are similar to the desired response.

A type of reinforcement schedule by which some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced.

rewards subjects after a certain time interval.

rewards subjects after a certain number of responses.

A schedule that a rewards a learner only for the first correct response after some defined period of time.

A reinforcement schedule that rewards a response only after a defined number of correct answers.

an adverse/disliked stimulus which occurs after a behavior, and decreases the probability it will occur again.

An undesirable event that follows a behavior: washing your mouth out with soap after cursing

When a desirable event ends or is taken away after a behavior.

changes in mental processes, rather than as changes in behavior alone

A mental representation of a place.

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until the learner has an incentive to demonstrate it.

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

Learning in which new responses are acquired after other’s behavior and the consequences of their behavior are observed.

Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or observing another doing so.

eduction in emotional arousal and distress when they subsequently observe violent