NAQT's You Gotta Know - Functional Groups

Hydrocarbon with no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen, have only single bonds.

Hydrocarbon with no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen, have a carbon-carbon double bond

Hydrocarbon with no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen, have a carbon-carbon triple bond, can be reduced through a hydrogenation reaction to create alkenes, which can reduce to alkanes.

An -OH group bonded in an alkyl group, common examples including ethanol, methanol, and isopropanol. The simplest oxygen-containing functional group, can be oxidized to carbonyls and carboxylic acids.

Can change the shape of carbon compounds depending on it's location in the carbon skeleton, carbon-oxygen double bond, are found in aldehydes and ketones.

Oxygen double bonded to two alkyl groups, similar to alcohols except the alcohol hydrogen is replaced by another carbon-containing fragment. Was contained in the first anesthetic, commonly used phrase - "Coming out of the ____."

When added to a molecule can make it acidic, carbon single bonded to an oxygen, double bonded to another oxygen, frequently sour smelling, like acetic acid, formic acid, and lactic acid.

Similar to the previous, but have an alkyl group in place of the hydrogen atom. Characterized by fruity smells, like isoamyl acetate with a strong banana-like odor and is found in many fruits. Found in the class of fat molecules of triglycerides, connecting the glycerol backbone to three long fatty acid tails.

Characterized by a halogen atom bonded to a hydrocarbon alkyl group. Pose significant environmental risks, like chlorofluorocarbons that were once used in refrigerants and contributed to depletion of the ozone layer. Teflon, PFOA, and PFOS are very durable examples. (Dubbed, "forever chemicals.")

Defined by an -SH bonded to a carbon, they are effectively sulfur analogues of alcohols. Notably pungent, like rotten eggs, and can be found in the side chain of the amino cysteine. Can form disulfide bridges in protein folding.

Contain a ring system that satisfies the criteria for aromaticity. Most commonly features six-membered benzene rings in phenyl groups but can include different ring sizes and non-carbon atoms. Common ones include, benzene, toluene, and phenol. Non-polar, and are greasy/oily. Ring systems described as aromatic if and only if they are planar.

Characterized by a nitrogen atom singly bonded to carbons and hydrogens. They are analogues of ammonia in which at least one nitrogen is replaced by an alkyl group. Can be categorized as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen.