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Hint
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Former owners (significant)
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Country (current)
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City
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Birthplace of law, Roman Empire and the city of Caesars. Known as Eternal City, it is commonly viewed as the most influential city in history.
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Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Papal States
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Italy
|
|
Rome
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Birthplace of philosophy, greek culture and its literature, art and drama. Acropolis is its center. Great ancient politicians from here created democracy.
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Delian League, Macedonia, Roman Empire, Ottomans
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|
Greece
|
|
Athens
|
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City between two continents. Former known as Constantinople, home to three empires. Built by Constantine the Great, captured by Ottomans in 1453. Hagia Sophia is its symbol.
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Eastern Roman Empire, Ottomans, Greece
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Turkey
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Istanbul
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Capital of France. Crucial in world art, literature, philosophy and fashion. Home to the Louvre, Eiffel Tower and Notre Dame Cathedral.
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Roman Empire, Kingdom of the Franks, Kingdom of France, French Empire
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France
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Paris
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Capital of England and the British Empire. Crucial in world banking, culture and trade.
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Roman Empire, England
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United Kingdom
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London
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Mozart's home, austrian capial. Used to be the home of Habsburg dynasty and major city of their empire. Wienerschnitzels come from here.
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Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Austria-Hungary
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Austria
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Vienna
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Capital of Spain, hub of spanish culture and art. Home of Real and Atletico - football rivals. Used to be the capital of Spanish Empire.
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Roman Empire, Kingdom of Castilla
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Spain
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Madrid
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Polish capital located on the Vistula river. Birthplace of polish positivism. Symbol of polish resilience after being demolished after the Uprising in 1944.
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Duchy of Masovia, Poland-Lithuania, Russian Empire, II Polish Republic
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Poland
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Warsaw
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Russian capital and religious center. Conquered only two times in history. Home to Kremlin and Lenin's grave. Once burned to the ground, so that Napoleon couldn't occupy the city.
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Mongols, Duchy of Moscovia, Poland-Lithuania, Russian Empire, Soviet Union
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Russia
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Moscow
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German Capital, home to Reichstag, site of deadly battle in 1945. Was divided after the war.
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Polabian Slavs, Brandenburg, Prussia, German Empire, Third Reich
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Germany
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Berlin
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Capital of Portugal, crucial trade and travelling hub.
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Roman Empire, Portuguese Empire
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Portugal
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Lisbon
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Dutch capital, trade center and home to Van Gogh's works.
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Kingdom of the Franks, HRE, Holland
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Netherlands
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Amsterdam
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Capital and cultural center of Bohemia. Home to Jan Hus and his teachings, also the oldest university in all of slavic countries. Often called one of the most beautiful cities in the world.
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Kingdom of Bohemia, Habsburg Monarchy, Austria-Hungary, Czechoslovakia
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Czechia
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Prague
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Birthplace of the Renaissance and italian language and culture. Home of Dante Alighieri and Medici dynasty.
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Etruscans, Roman Empire, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
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Italy
|
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Florence
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Former wealthy city-state, which controlled Mediterranean trade. City of the canals.
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Roman Empire, Rep. of ***
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Italy
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Venice
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Former greek city-state known for its invincible and fierce warriors. 300 of them stood against thousands of Persians in Thermopylae.
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The symmachy, Peloponnesian League, Roman Empire, Ottomans
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Greece
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Sparta
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Capital of Hungary, home to many architectural wonders. Located on the Danube.
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Kingdom of Hungary, Habsburg Monarchy
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Hungary
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Budapest
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Former greek colony, used to be a Medditeranean powerhouse, conquered by Romans in 212 b. C. Once attacked Carthage's mainland - a direct threat to its' former power.
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Magna Graecia poleis, Roman Empire, Duchy of Sicily, Kingdom of Naples
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Italy
|
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Syracuse
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Capital of Sweden and home to the king. Home of Swedish Navy and important Baltic trade place.
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Kalmar Union, Swedish Empire
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Sweden
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Stockholm
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Former capital of Poland, where majority of Polish kings were crowned, home of Wawel castle and famous main square. Crucial in preserving polish national identity, capital of Małopolska region.
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Kingdom of Poland, Poland-Lithuania, Austria-Hungary, II Polish Republic
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Poland
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Kraków
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Capital of Lombardia, hub of fashion and industry. Piazza del Duomo is a representative square of the city. Internazionale and AC have a fierce rivalry here.
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Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy
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Italy
|
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Milan
|
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Religious and cultural capital of the Rus', ukrainian capital and center of its identity. Home of Ruthenian kings like Vladimir The Great.
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Kyivan Rus', Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Cossacks, Poland-Lithuania, Russian Empire, Soviet Union
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Ukraine
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Kyiv
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Former greek colony, biggest city in southern Italy. Located in the shades of Vesuvius volcano. Diego Maradona is like a god here.
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Magna Graecia poleis, Roman Empire, Eastern Roman Empire, Spanish Empire, Kingdom of Naples
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Italy
|
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Naples
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Former capital of Russia built by Peter The Great on the Baltic sea coast. City of thousand palaces built by "Polish gold, Lithuanian blood and Ruthenian tears"
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Russian Empire, Soviet Union
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Russia
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Petersburg
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Former greek colony, which exported its culture throughout Europe. Now the biggest French port.
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Massalia, Roman Empire, Kingdom of the Franks, Kingdom of France, French Empire
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France
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Marseille
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Home to Catalan culture, Antonio Gaudi's architectural wonders and massive football club.
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Roman Empire, Kingdom of Aragon
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Spain
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Barcelona
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Former wealthy city-state, which controlled Mediterranean trade. Capital of Liguria.
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Rep. of ***, Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
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Italy
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Genoa
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Capital of Bavaria and home of its culture. Important economic and industrial hub.
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Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire, Third Reich
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Germany
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Munich
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Former capital of Western Roman Empire. Justinian Mosaic can be seen here.
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Roman Empire, Western Roman Empire, Papal States
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Italy
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Ravenna
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Capital of Ireland. Famous for "Guinness" beer.
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Duchy of Leinster, United Kingdom
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Ireland
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Dublin
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Used to be a capital of Roman province, now capital of Serbia and religious center.
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|
Roman Empire, Tsardom of Serbia, Ottomans, Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro
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Serbia
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Belgrade
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Capital of Lithuania, center of polish and lithuanian cultures and education. One of the oldest eastern european universities was founded here.
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Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poland-Lithuania, Russian Empire, II Polish Republic, Soviet Union
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Lithuania
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Vilnius
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Cultural and historical capital of Denmark.
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Kingdom of Denmark
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Denmark
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Copenhagen
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Residence of Charlemagne. German kings were crowned there for over 600 years. Cultural capital of Carolingian era
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Roman Empire, Kingdom of the Franks, Holy Roman Empire, German Empire
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Germany
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Aachen
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Capital of Saxony - brutally bombed by the allies in 1945.
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Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Saxony, German Empire, Third Reich
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Germany
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Dresden
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Site of nazi trials after World War II. One of the most iconic and beautiful Bavarian cities.
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Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire, Third Reich
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Germany
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Nuremberg
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Capital of Romania and center of its culture.
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Dacia, Roman Empire, Duchy of Wallachia, Ottomans, Kingdom of Romania
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Romania
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Bucharest
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"Capital" of the European Union.
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Kingdom of the Franks, Holy Roman Empire, Duchy of Flanders, Kingdom of the Netherlands
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Belgium
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Brussels
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Home to a great caliphate, once the biggest city in the world
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Carthage, Roman Empire, Moorish Caliphates
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Spain
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Cordoba
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Multicultural capital of Silesia, center of trade and education located on the Oder. Suffered a great loss after being proclaimed "Festung Breslau" during World War II, lost 90% of its buildings.
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Kingdom of Poland, Duchy of Silesia, Kingdom of Bohemia, Habsburg Monarchy, Prussia, German Empire, Third Reich
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Poland
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Wrocław
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|
Site of an infamous incident in 1914, which triggered World War I.
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Roman Empire, Kingdom of Bosnia, Ottomans, Austria-Hungary, Yugoslavia
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Bosnia
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Sarajevo
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Major hub of baltic trade throughout centuries. World War II started there
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Duchy of Pomerania, Kingdom of Poland, Teutonic Order, Poland-Lithuania, Prussia, German Empire
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Poland
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Gdańsk
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|
"The protestant Rome". Center of calvinist reformation and center of french-speaking Swiss culture.
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Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Swiss Confederation
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Switzerland
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Geneva
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|
Site of deadly battle in 1813, called "The battle of nations".
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|
Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Saxony, German Empire, Third Reich
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Germany
|
|
Leipzig
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|
Major trade and banking hub. Burned in 1584 during siege by Spaniards.
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Kingdom of the Franks, Holy Roman Empire,
Duchy of Flanders, Kingdom of the Netherlands
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|
Belgium
|
|
Antwerp
|
|
Important Andalusian city located near the Atlantic coast. Various expeditions started from there
|
|
Carthage, Roman Empire, Moorish Caliphates, Castille
|
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Spain
|
|
Sevilla
|
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Baltic trade hub. Polish-Soviet treaty was signed there in 1921. Center of latvian culture.
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Teutonic Order, Poland-Lithuania, Swedish Empire, Russian Empire, Soviet Union
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Latvia
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Riga
|
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Historical capital of Prussia and center of german culture in the east. Used to be called "Konigsberg". Birthplace of Nietzsche.
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Teutonic Order, Poland-Lithuania, Prussia, German Empire, Soviet Union
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Russia
|
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Kaliningrad
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Significant for Poles and Ukrainians and their cultures and language. Famous for its culture blend between Poles, Ukrainians, Jews and Armenians. Was a capital of Galicia and Lodomeria during Austrian period.
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Duchy of Galicia-Volhynia, Kingdom of Poland, Poland-Lithuania, Austria-Hungary, II Polish Rep.
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Ukraine
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Lviv
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Oldest university in Europe was founded here in 1088. It is known for its medieval "skyline" and famous spaghetti.
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Etruscans, Roman Empire
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Italy
|
|
Bologna
|
|
Home to a great moorish caliphate. Last islamic stronghold in Iberian peninsula.
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Carthage, Roman Empire, Moorish Caliphates
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Spain
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Granada
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Crucial city on the northern Sicilian coast. Home of the Cosa Nostra mafia and capital of Sicily.
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Carthage, Roman Empire, Duchy of Sicily, Kingdom of Naples
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Italy
|
|
Palermo
|
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Capital of greek Macedonia region. Center of european turkish culture during Ottoman rule in the Balkans.
|
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Macedonia, Roman Empire, Eastern Roman Empire, Ottomans
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Greece
|
|
Thessaloniki
|
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Historical capital of Scotland. Home of scottish culture and identity.
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|
Kingdom of Scotland
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United Kingdom
|
|
Edinburgh
|
|
Once a big city-state, demolished by roman general Flamininus in 146 b. c.
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***, Peloponnesian League, Roman Empire, Eastern Roman Empire, Ottomans
|
|
Greece
|
|
Corinth
|
|
One of the biggest cities in Europe in the Middle Ages, big industrial and trade hub.
|
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Kingdom of the Franks, Holy Roman Empire, Duchy of Flanders, Netherlands
|
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Belgium
|
|
Ghent
|
|
Industrial revolution pioneer, important production hub.
|
|
England
|
|
United Kingdom
|
|
Manchester
|
|
Residence of the pope during The Great Western Schism.
|
|
Roman Empire, Papal States
|
|
France
|
|
Avignon
|
|
Capital of Slovakia. Center of slovakian identity and culture.
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|
Kingdom of Hungary, Habsburg monarchy
|
|
Slovakia
|
|
Bratislava
|
|
Important greek city-state. Establlished hegemony under king Epaminondas after defeating the Spartans near Leuctra.
|
|
***, Macedonia, Roman Empire, Eastern Roman Empire, Ottomans
|
|
Greece
|
|
Thebes
|
|
Home of croatian culture and identity.
|
|
Roman Empire, Kingdom of Croatia, Hungary, Austria-Hungary, Yugoslavia
|
|
Croatia
|
|
Zagreb
|
|
Biggest city in Bulgaria and its capital. Seen many architectural changes throughout centuries.
|
|
Roman Empire, Eastern Roman Empire, Bulgarian Empire, Ottomans
|
|
Bulgaria
|
|
Sofia
|
|
Site of the deadliest battle in history. Once named after soviet dictator.
|
|
Mongol Empire, Great Horde, The Cossacks, Russian Empire, Soviet Union
|
|
Russia
|
|
Volgograd
|
|
Capital of Belarus and its biggest city. Historically important strategically during Polish-Russian wars.
|
|
Kyivan Rus', Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poland-Lithuania, Russian Empire, Soviet Union
|
|
Belarus
|
|
Minsk
|
|
Home of atlantic trade and navigation, pioneer of industrial revolution.
|
|
England
|
|
United Kingdom
|
|
Liverpool
|
|
Capital of Finland and its cultural center.
|
|
Swedish Empire, Russian Empire
|
|
Finland
|
|
Helsinki
|
|
Used to be a great trade and commerc city in northern Russia. Burned by moscovian tsar Ivan the Terrible.
|
|
Republic of ***, Duchy of Moscovia, Russian Empire, Soviet Union
|
|
Russia
|
|
Novgorod
|
|
Important spanish port. Used to influence Mediterranean culture and trade.
|
|
Carthage, Roman Empire, Moorish Caliphates, Kingdom of Aragon
|
|
Spain
|
|
Valencia
|
|
Historical capital of Piedmont. Located in the shadow of the Alps, it was a crucial city for Italian unification in XIX century.
|
|
Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Duchy of Sardinia-Piedmont
|
|
Italy
|
|
Turin
|
|
Place where "Romeo and Juliet" took place in. Important center of Veneto region.
|
|
Roman Empire, Republic of ***,
|
|
Italy
|
|
Verona
|
|
Home of the swiss reformation. Ulrich Zwingli's works were published here. Important financial center in Switzerland.
|
|
Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Swiss Confederation
|
|
Switzerland
|
|
Zurich
|
|
Emperor Constantine was crowned here. Home to a great cathedral, administrative center of Northern England throughout centuries.
|
|
Roman Empire, England
|
|
United Kingdom
|
|
York
|
|
Founded by Roman Emperor Diocletian, this city is often described as heart of Dalmatia, built around the palace of its founder.
|
|
Roman Empire, Kingdom of Croatia, Rep. of ***, Austria-Hungary, Yugoslavia
|
|
Croatia
|
|
Split
|
|
Capital of Crimea. Deadly siege happened there during World War II, with Germans using one of the biggest guns in history.
|
|
Bosporan Kingdom, Crimean Khanate, Russian Empire, Soviet Union
|
|
Ukraine
|
|
Sevastopol
|
|
Home of the Greater Polish culture, crucial in preserving national identity during prussian partition. Staged a succesful uprising in 1918
|
|
Kingdom of Poland, Poland-Lithuania, Prussia, German Empire, II Polish Republic
|
|
Poland
|
|
Poznań
|
|
Cultural capital of Norway. It took a big part in preserving norwegian identity during unions with Denmark and Sweden.
|
|
Kingdom of Denmark
|
|
Norway
|
|
Oslo
|
|
Used to be known as Adrianople, it was a site of battle in 378, which critically weakened the Romans. Heart of European Turkish culture.
|
|
Thrace, Roman Empire, Eastern Roman Empire, Ottomans, Bulgaria, Greece
|
|
Turkey
|
|
Edirne
|
|
City located on the Rhine, known for its monumental cathedral, which construction lasted for hundreds of years. Center of the Ruhr.
|
|
Roman Empire, Kingdom of the Franks, Holy Roman Empire, French Empire, German Empire
|
|
Germany
|
|
Cologne
|
|
Biggest city in Moravia, formerly known as Brunn, it was important for spread of german culture in Czechia. Despite germanization, crucial in preserving Moravian identity.
|
|
Great Moravia, Kingdom of Bohemia, Habsburg Monarchy, Austria-Hungary
|
|
Czechia
|
|
Brno
|
|
Important city for French culture and identity. Rescued by Joan D'arc during Hundred Years' war.
|
|
Roman Empire, Kingdom of the Franks, Kingdom of France, French Empire
|
|
France
|
|
Orleans
|
|
City famous for its slavo-roman culture blend. Important port on the Dalmatian coast. Was once looted by the crusaders despite being a christian city.
|
|
Roman Empire, Kingdom of Croatia, Rep. of ***, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Yugoslavia
|
|
Croatia
|
|
Zadar
|
|
Important Roman outpost in Britain. It is known for preserved medieval architecture.
|
|
Roman Empire, England
|
|
United Kingdom
|
|
Chester
|
|
Cultural capital of Slovenia. Formerly known as Laibach, it was an administrative hub of Duchy of Carniola in Austrian Empire.
|
|
Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Austria-Hungary, Yugoslavia
|
|
Slovenia
|
|
Ljubljana
|
|
Strategically most important stronghold of the Rus'. Countless wars between Poland-Lithuania, Sweden and Russia were fought here. It is viewed as a "gate to Moscow". Polish president died here in a plane crash in 2010.
|
|
Duchy of ***, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poland-Lithuania, Russian Empire, Soviet Union
|
|
Russia
|
|
Smolensk
|
|
Historical capital of Alsace, important place in EU administration and blend of german and french cultures.
|
|
Roman Empire, Kingdom of the Franks, Duchy of Alsace, France, German Empire
|
|
France
|
|
Strasbourg
|
|
City where the union between Poland and Lithuania happened in 1569. Important religous and educational hub of Małopolska.
|
|
Kingdom of Poland, Poland-Lithuania, Russian Empire, II Polish Republic
|
|
Poland
|
|
Lublin
|
|
Important city in polish and lithuanian history. Used to be one of the king's residences. Located on the Niemen river.
|
|
Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poland-Lithuania, Russian Empire, II Polish Rep., Soviet Union
|
|
Belarus
|
|
Grodno
|
|
Former Austrian city-state, located in the Alps. Important for the culture of german-speaking Alps.
|
|
Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Austria-Hungary
|
|
Austria
|
|
Salzburg
|
|
Powerful hanseatic city located on the Baltic coast. Used to influence trade in Northern Germany.
|
|
Polabian Slavs, Holy Roman Empire, Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein, German Empire
|
|
Germany
|
|
Lubeck
|
|
First capital of Poland. Burned down in 1038 by czech duke Bretislav. Religous center of Greater Poland.
|
|
Kingdom of Poland, Poland-Lithuania, Prussia, German Empire, II Polish Rep.
|
|
Poland
|
|
Gniezno
|
|
Former capital of Bulgarian Empire and center of its religious and cultural life. Thrived in the Middle Ages.
|
|
Roman Empire, Eastern Roman Empire, Bulgarian Empire, Ottomans
|
|
Bulgaria
|
|
Veliko Tarnovo
|
|
Once a powerful city-state, was the last city to oppose Roman rule on Italian peninsula. Main harbor of Italian navy during WWII.
|
|
Magna Graecia poleis, Roman Empire, Eastern Roman Empire, Spain, Kingdom of Naples
|
|
Italy
|
|
Taranto
|
|
Birthplace of Copernicus and his works. Important Teutonic stronghold and polish commerce center located on the Vistula.
|
|
Kingdom of Poland, Teutonic Order, Poland-Lithuania, Prussia, German Empire, II Polish Rep.
|
|
Poland
|
|
Toruń
|
|
City where Titanic was built, and brutal skirmishes between IRA ans British forces took place.
|
|
Duchy of Ulster
|
|
United Kingdom
|
|
Belfast
|
|
Site of a big battle between crusaders from Eastern Europe and Ottomans in 1444.
|
|
Roman Empire, Eastern Roman Empire, Bulgarian Empire, Ottomans
|
|
Bulgaria
|
|
Varna
|
|
Important stronghold in northern Russia. Once one of the biggest cities of the Rus'.
|
|
Republic of ***, Duchy of Moscovia, Russian Empire
|
|
Russia
|
|
Pskov
|
|
Used to be the capital of Roman province, crucial during anti-heretic crusade in XIII century. Home to university founded in 1229.
|
|
Roman Empire, Kingdom of the Franks, Languedoc, Kingdom of France, French Empire.
|
|
France
|
|
Toulouse
|
|
A place where Europe's future was discussed after Germany's capitulation in 1945
|
|
Polabian Slavs, Duchy of Brandenburg, Prussia, German Empire, Third Reich
|
|
Germany
|
|
Potsdam
|
|
Religious capital of England.
|
|
Roman Empire, England
|
|
United Kingdom
|
|
Canterbury
|
|
One of the Britain's oldest universities was founded here. Biggest city in Scotland and important industrial hub in XX century.
|
|
Kingdom of Scotland
|
|
United Kingdom
|
|
Glasgow
|
