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The Nature and Levels of Adaptation

Willmer chapter 1.
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Last updated: March 2, 2025
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First submittedMarch 2, 2025
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Solar radiation
Insolation
Abiotic
Physical and chemical factors
Abiotic
Direct and indirect effect of other organisms, including competition and habitat modification
Resource polymorphism
Differences in behaviour, life history and morphology in the same species
Semelparity
Reproduce once before dying
Iteroparity
Reproduce several times
Cladogenesis
Evolutionary splitting of a parent species into two distinct species
Exaptations
When a trait evolves to serve a new function different from its original purpose
Phylogenetic inertia
The limits on future evolution pathways imposed from previous adaptations
Genetic drift
Alleles are randomly selected, non-selective and does not improve adaptation to environment
Acclimitisation
Becoming accustomed to a new habitat, short term, reversible
Adaptation
Change in an organisms behaviour, physiology, morphology to help it survive, long term, irreversible
Homeostasis
Maintaining a constant internal environmental
Avoiders
Physically move away from an environmental stresser
Conformers
Undergo changes of internal state under environmental pressure
Regulators
Maintain a constant internal environment irrespective of the external environment
Torpor
Short period of hibernation, hours to days
Aestivation
Prolonged torpor due to hot or dry conditions
Encystment
Form a protective cyst layer, mostly microorganisms
Cryptobiosis
Metabolic rate is reduced to undetectable levels, can last several millenia
Smallest living things
Viruses
Allometric
How body parts grow in relation to each other
Basal Metabolic rate
Number of calories burnt when the body performs basic life-sustaining functions
Aerobic Metabolic scope
Maximum metabolic rate
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