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Hint
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Answer
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acellular non living particle that contains DNA or RNA but cannot replicate independently
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virus
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an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is the site of aerobic respiration
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mitochondrion
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a permeable layer that surrounds plants, algae and fungal cells made of polysaccharides which provides strength to the cell
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cell wall
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a phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins that surrounds cells and separates them from their environment
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cell surface membrance/plasma membrane
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a form of immunity provided by the immune response of the body upon detection of a pathogen
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active immunity
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an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is involved in the modification and packaging of proteins
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Golgi apparatus
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the process of matching the antigens on antigen presenting cells with the antigen receptors on B and T lymphocytes
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clonal selection
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an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that stores the genetic material of the cell as chromosomes and is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope
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nucleus
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a method of membrane transport where two substances are both transported across a membrane at the same time (can be in same or opposite directions)
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co-transport
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a type of T cell in the immune system that stimulates cytotoxic T cells, B cells and phagocytes
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helper T cell
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division of the cytoplasm to produce two new cells
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cytokinesis
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the active movement of substances up a concentration gradient with the use of energy in the form of ATP
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active transport
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a virus that attacks T cells in the immune system and can lead to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome
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HIV/human immunodeficiency virus
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the passive movement of substances down a concentration gradient through transport proteins without the use of energy
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facilitated diffusion
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a type of disease immunity that occurs when a large proportion of a population are vaccinated against a disease which prevents the spread of the disease to unvaccinated individuals
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herd immunity
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a series of lines on a microscope which can be used to calculate the size of objects
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graticule
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how much bigger an image appears compared to the original object
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magnification
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a membrane-bound structure found in plant cells that contains cell sap
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vacuole/permanent vacuole
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a whip-like structure found on bacterial cells that is used for cell movement
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flagella
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organelles found either free in the cytoplasm or membrane bound that are involved in the synthesis of proteins
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ribosomes
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the response produced by the immune system when it encounters a pathogen for the first time
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primary immune response
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a membrane-bound organelle involved in lipid synthesis
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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the series of stages preparing the cell for division consisting of interphase and mitosis
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cell cycle
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the method of cell division used by prokaryotes involving replication of the circular DNA and plasmids followed by cytoplasmic division
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binary fission
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membrane-bound vesicles found in the cytoplasm that contain a hydrolytic enzyme called lysozyme
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lysosomes
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the ability to distinguish between two different points in a specimen
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resolution
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the passive diffusion of water molecules down a water potential gradient through a selectively permeable membrane without the use of energy
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osmosis
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an organelle found in plants and algae that is the site of photosynthesis
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chloroplast
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the introduction of dead or inactive pathogens to stimulate an immune response and provide long term immunity
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vaccine
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marker molecules that can be detected by antibodies and trigger an immune response
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antigen
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a circular loop of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells
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plasmid
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the production of many genetically identical daughter cells through cell division of the B or T lymphocyte after clonal selection
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clonal expansion
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the response produced by the immune system when it recognises a pathogen it has encountered before
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secondary immune response
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identical antibodies that have been produced by an immune cell that has been cloned from a parent cell
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monoclonal antibodies
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the first stage of cell fractionation where cells are broken up by a homogeniser
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homogenisation
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a protein found in the blood that is produced by plasma cells which binds to antigens as part of the immune response
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antibody
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type of electron microscope which passes a beam of electrons through a very thin section of a specimen (which has often been stained with heavy metals to show up fine internal structures)
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transmission electron microscope
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the passive spreading of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration gradient without the use of energy
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simple diffusion
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a membrane-bound organelle that is involved in the synthesis and packaging of proteins
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
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the process where phagocytes engulf and destroy material
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phagocytosis
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a form of immunity provided by the introduction of antibodies to a disease into the body
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passive immunity
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the clumping together of cells or particles caused by antibodies which assists phagocytosis
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agglutination
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where the fragments in filtered homogenate are separated in a centrifuge
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ultracentrifugation
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the part of the cell cycle in which a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two daughter cells, each with identical copies of DNA
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mitosis
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a type of electron microscope which bounces beams off electrons of the surface of an object to develop a 3D image
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scanning electron microscope
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the process by which cells are broken up to release the organelles they contain
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cell fractionation
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