Biology AQA Year Two A Level - Statistics

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Answer Stats

Hint	Answer	% Correct
light dependent reaction: (1) a pair of electrons in ____ absorb light energy	chlorophyll	100%
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = ____ and p + q = ____	1	0%
(1) acetyl coA reacts with a ____C molecule, releasing coA and producing a 6C molecule	4	0%
(5) the threshold potential of about ____ mV is established	+40	0%
the mixture is cooled to ____C causing the primers to join to their complementary bases at the end of the DNA fragment	55	0%
resting potential is ____ mV in humans	-65	0%
(3) temperature increased to ____C and the DNA polymerase synthesises the new DNA strand from the nucleotides	72	0%
PCR: (1) temperature increased to ____C to break hydrogen bonds between the strands	95	0%
dark bands: ____ bands, thick and thin filaments do overlap	A	0%
(1) pyruvate is oxidised to ____, producing reduced NAD	acetate	0%
____ of histones decreases the positive charge of histones and decreases attraction to DNA	acetylation	0%
this releases ____ from the vesicles into the synaptic cleft which diffuses to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fibre	acetylcholine	0%
acetylcholine is broken down by ____ and the products diffuse back into the presynaptic neurone	acetylcholinesterase	0%
myofibrils are made up of (1) ____ which is thinner and consists of two strands twisted around one another	actin	0%
____ is a globular protein whose molecules are twisted to form a helical strand	actin	0%
all ____ potentials are the same size	action	0%
this in turn creates an ____	action potential	0%
mutation that adds a base	addition	0%
(2) changes the shape of a protein on the inside of the membrane and activates ____	adenyl cyclase	0%
(4) the myosin heads attach to the actin filament by the ____ molecules attached to their heads	ADP	0%
____ is produced in times of excitement or stress	adrenaline	0%
____ process so to raise productivity, farmers keep soil aerated by ploughing and employ good drainage to prevent air spaces filling with water	aerobic	0%
concentration of oxygen in the water is reduced and ____ organisms die	aerobic	0%
this branches to give the ____ which each enter a Bowman's capsule	afferent arterioles	0%
causes ____ which absorbs light and prevents it penetrating to lower levels	algal bloom	0%
(4) immerse the gel in ____ to separate the strands	alkali	0%
natural selection causes changes in ____ frequency if the new mutation provides a benefit to the phenotype	allele	0%
you can identify an ____ of a gene with a probe in the following way:	allele	0%
the number of times an allele occurs within the gene pool	allele frequency	0%
____ speciation: two populations are geographically isolated	allopatric	0%
where ammonia is produced from organic nitrogen-containing compounds	ammonification	0%
if respiration is only ____, pyruvate can be converted to ethanol or lactate using reduced NAD	anaerobic	0%
____ organisms have less competition and populations rise	anaerobic	0%
(2) high concentration of enzymes involved in ____ respiration	anaerobic	0%
necessary to have the store as a method of rapidly generating ATP ____ when ATP demand exceeds oxygen availability	anerobically	0%
increasing productivity while farming ____: restrict movement, warm environment to reduce heat loss, control feeding to minimise wastage and maximise growth, exclude predators	animals	0%
(2) ____ of the primers	annealing	0%
to identify which cells have take up a plasmid, use ____ as the cells with the resistant gene from the plasmid will survive	antibiotic resistance	0%
____ hormone alters permeability of the distal convoluted tubule to water	antidiuretic	0%
pressure receptors occur within the walls of the carotid arteries and the ____	aorta	0%
cell death	apoptosis	0%
(1) sodium ions are actively transported out of the water-impermeable ____ limb	ascending limb	0%
(4) the electrons lose energy at each stage, some of which is conserved in production of ____	ATP	0%
(3) as the protons pass through, they change the protein's shape and allow it to catalyst formation of ____	ATP	0%
(6) an ____ molecule fixes to the myosin head and causes it to detach from the acin	ATP	0%
the store is replenished using phosphate from ____ when the muscle is relaxed	ATP	0%
(7) calcium ions activate the ____ and hydrolysis of the ATP allows the myosin head to be cocked again	ATP hydrolase	0%
(2) this creates a concentration gradient of protons which can only pass out of the thylakoid space through ____ channel proteins	ATP synthase	0%
(2) the wave enters the ____ which lies between the atria and there is a short delay to allow the atria to empty	atrioventricular node	0%
the ____ is non-conductive and prevents the wave crossing to the ventricles	atrioventricular septum	0%
multiple genes located on the same autosome	autosomally linked	0%
(3) a single long fibre that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body	axon	0%
(1) determine the allele ____ sequence using sequencing or genetic libraries	base	0%
the glomerular ____ prevents large proteins entering the filtrate	basement membrane	0%
____ tumours are less likely to be life-threatening unless they disrupt function of a vital organ	benign	0%
biological molecules form the ____ which is mass of carbon or dry tissue per given area	biomass	0%
(5) many rod cells are connected to a single ____ cell	bipolar	0%
stem cells obtained from adult ____ have restricted medical benefits	bone marrow	0%
the closed end at the start of the nephron, cup-shaped	Bowman's capsule	0%
(4) the ____ conducts the wave through the atrioventricular septum to the base of the ventricles	bundle of His	0%
the oxygen is a ____ and diffuses out of the leaf or can be used in respiration	byproduct	0%
when a nerve impulse is received, ____ ions diffuse in and cause the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic neurone	calcium	0%
the plasmids are mixed with the cells in a medium containing ____ and temperature changes to increase membrane permeability	calcium ions	0%
the chemical energy store in dry biomass can be estimated using ____	calorimetry	0%
(3) some of this is used to regenerate RuBP in the ____ and some is converted to useful organic products	Calvin cycle	0%
a ____ surrounds the layers and there is a blood capillary in the ____	capsule	0%
usually controlled by regulating ____ intake but may be supplemented by insulin injections or drugs that slow rate of glucose absorption	carbohydate	0%
plants synthesis organic compounds from ____	carbon dioxide	0%
e.g. ____ which are heart muscle cells that can divide to produce new heart tissue and repair damaged heart muscle	cardiomyocytes	0%
an ecosystem supports a certain size of population of a species (the ____)	carrying capacity	0%
ATP is produced by ____ theory	chemiosmotic	0%
____ are sensitive to blood pH changes and are found in the wall of the carotid arteries	chemoreceptors	0%
(1) the presynaptic neurone releases neurotransmitter that binds to ____ channels on the postsynaptic neurone	chloride ion	0%
(6) a ____ community forms, with trees, animals, other plants. there is high biodiversity and it is stable over time	climax	0%
cons: undermines respect for human life, move towards reproductive ____	cloning	0%
(5) ____ of the successful host cells	cloning	0%
VNTRs are non-____ base sequences with lengths unique to everyone. the more similar they are, the more closely related two individuals are	coding	0%
two different alleles are both fully and equally expressed in an individual's phenotype	codominant	0%
(2) acetate combines with ____ to produce acetyl coenzyme A	coenzyme A	0%
a tube into which a number of distal convoluted tubules from a number of nephrons empty	collecting duct	0%
the populations of different species in an area	community	0%
(3) these species die, decompose, and release sufficient nutrients to support a ____ of small plants	community	0%
population size varies due to inter and intraspecific ____ and the effects of abiotic factors	competition	0%
(2) in the cytoplasm, binds to a receptor molecule on the transcriptional factor with a ____ shape	complementary	0%
(3) a greater ____ of IAA builds up on the shaded side	concentration	0%
____ cells are of three types, each responding to a different range of wavelengths of light	cone	0%
(2) more numerous than ____	cone cells	0%
____ of habitats frequently involves management of succession	conservation	0%
net production of ____ = chemical energy store in ingested food – (chemical energy lost to the environment in faeces and urine + respiratory losses to the environment)	consumers	0%
this spreads across both atria and causes them to ____	contract	0%
the loop of Henle acts as a ____ multiplier to absorb water	counter current	0%
(3) this converts ATP to ____	cyclic AMP	0%
occurs in the ____ and is anaerobic	cytoplasm	0%
(3) no immigration, emigration, births or ____	deaths	0%
as they get further into the unfavourable environment, rate of turning may ____ so that it moves in long straight lines before turning sharply	decrease	0%
mutation that removes a base	deletion	0%
(2) ____ : extensions of the cell body that subdivide into dendrites and carry impulses towards the cell body	dendrons	0%
anaerobic denitrifying bacteria convert soil nitrates into gaseous nitrogen	denitrification	0%
(4) they trigger ____ of the axon	depolarisation	0%
(1) the membrane is ____ at one point	depolarised	0%
this ____ the membrane and produces a generator potential	depolarises	0%
(3) water passes out of the permeable ____ limb by osmosis into the interstitial space and into blood capillaries	descending	0%
a larger ____ of an axon leads to faster conduction due to less leakage of ions	diameter	0%
____ of the afferent arteriole is greater than ____ of the efferent arteriole, causing a buildup of hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus	diameter	0%
monohybrid and ____ crosses can be constructed to interpret the results of a genetic cross	dihybrid	0%
in flowering plants, specific growth factors move from growing regions to other tissues where they regulate growth in response to ____ stimuli	directional	0%
kinesis is important where a stimulus is not as ____	directional	0%
a change in conditions changes the optimum value for survival in the normal distribution of a phenotype	directional selection	0%
(2) produces ____ impulses	discrete	0%
extreme phenotypes are favoured at the expense of intermediates	disruptive selection	0%
a second series of loops surrounded by blood capillaries	distal convoluted tubule	0%
the ____ makes final adjustments to the water and ions that are reabsorbed	distal convoluted tubule	0%
using nitrogen containing fertilisers can impact the environment: (1) reduced species ____ because nitrogen-rich soils favour fast-growing species	diversity	0%
(3) changes the shape of the ____ binding site on the transcriptional factor and allows it to bind to ____	DNA	0%
where a section of DNA or RNA is combined with a single-stranded section of DNA which has complementary bases	DNA hybridisation	0%
when the sticky ends have paired up, ____ binds the phosphate-sugar frameworks of the two sections	DNA ligase	0%
PCR requires: the DNA fragment, ____, primers, nucleotides, and a thermocycler	DNA polymerase	0%
these primers allow ____ to attach and prevent the two strands from rejoining	DNA polymerase	0%
short, single-stranded lengths of DNA that have some sort of label attached to make it easily identifiable	DNA probes	0%
(3) heat the ____ stranded DNA to separate the strands	double	0%
the cycle is repeated and number of strands is ____ every time	doubled	0%
mutation that duplicates a section	duplication	0%
risks: can't predict ____ consequences of releasing GM organisms, antibiotic resistance marker could spread to harmful bacteria, eugenics concerns	ecological	0%
the specific functional role and space an organism occupies within an ecosystem	ecological niche	0%
a community and the non-living components of its environment	ecosystem	0%
(2) the localised ____ currents cause opening of sodium ion channels further along, causing depolarisation	electrical	0%
(2) sodium ions diffuse into the axon along their ____ gradient	electrochemical	0%
(3) they are passed along the ____ which is a series of protein carriers in the thylakoid membrane	electron transfer chain	0%
(4) IAA causes ____ of shoot cells so the cells on the shaded side elongate more	elongation	0%
the ____ of the glomerular capillaries also has gaps	endothelium	0%
genetic and ____ factors can increase cancer risk	environmental	0%
necessary to maintain pH and temperature to allow for normal ____ function	enzyme	0%
(2) one of the two siRNA strands combines with an ____	enzyme	0%
higher temperatures can increase rate of diffuse of ions up to the point that relevant ____ denature	enzymes	0%
heritable changes in gene function without changes to the DNA base sequence	epigenetics	0%
the ____ determines the shape of the DNA-histone complex	epigenome	0%
where one gene influences the expression of another gene. can be dominant or recessive	epistasis	0%
(3) ____ where nitrate ions cease to be a limiting factor for plant and algal growth	eutrophication	0%
(2) chloride ions move into the postsynaptic neurone by ____	facilitated diffusion	0%
(2) in a series of redox reactions, the Krebs cycle generates reduced coenzymes NAD and ____	FAD	0%
____ muscle fibres contract more rapidly and powerfully, adapted to intense exercise	fast twitch	0%
(2) increasing rates of cellular respiration, glycogenesis, and conversion of glucose into ____	fat	0%
naturally, nitrate concentrations are largely restored by recycling nitrogen containing compounds but can use ____ agriculturally	fertilisers	0%
making of a genetic ____: (1) extract the DNA from a sample and increase quantity using PCR	fingerprint	0%
(5) the new plants also provide more ____ sources and ____ webs develop	food	0%
(2) ____ science: comparing a DNA sample from a crime scene to one taken from a suspect	forensic	0%
(3) they are found mostly at the ____ (where light is focussed by the lens)	fovea	0%
____ of DNA can be produced by one of three methods:	fragments	0%
a ____ shift changes all codons downstream from the mutation	frame	0%
low pH or low pressure cause an increase in ____ of impulses from these receptors to the medulla	frequency	0%
the individual can tell the size of a stimulus through ____ of impulses in a given time and by having neurones with different threshold values	frequency	0%
converting atmospheric nitrogen ____ to nitrogen containing compounds	gas	0%
(3) separate the fragments by size by ____	gel electrophoresis	0%
(3) using a ____ to assemble the gene from oligonucleotides	gene machine	0%
all the alleles of all the genes of all the individuals in a population at a given time	gene pool	0%
stimulation of a receptor by specific stimuli leads to establishment of a ____	generator potential	0%
the epigenome responds to environmental changes to vary which ____ are silenced and which are not	genes	0%
a form of social work relating to heritable diseases and likelihood/manageability of it in offspring	genetic counselling	0%
change in allele frequencies within a population from one generation to the next, driven by chance	genetic drift	0%
all bands on an individual's ____ must correspond to one of the parents	genetic fingerprint	0%
the genetic constitution of an organism	genotype	0%
water, glucose and mineral ions are squeezed out of the capillary and form the ____	glomerular filtrate	0%
mass of blood capillaries surrounded by the Bowman's capsule	glomerulus	0%
when ____ is released it binds to receptors on liver cells and activates enzymes involved in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis	glucagon	0%
production of glucose from sources other than carbohydrate	gluconeogenesis	0%
necessary to maintain blood water potential (so also ____ concentration) to prevent bursting or shrinking of cells	glucose	0%
(5) this catalyses conversion of glycogen to ____	glucose	0%
lowers blood glucose concentration by (1) increasing rate of absorption of ____ into the cells	glucose	0%
water and ____ are reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule (____ by cotransport with sodium ions)	glucose	0%
(1) glucose is phosphorylated to ____ using ATP	glucose phosphate	0%
to produce 2 molecules of ____	glycerate-3-phosphate	0%
conversion of glucose into glycogen	glycogenesis	0%
breakdown of glycogen to glucose	glycogenolysis	0%
respiration stage one: ____	glycolysis	0%
the oxidised NAD produced in this way can be used in further ____	glycolysis	0%
____ is where plants grow in response to gravity	gravitropism	0%
(4) the root bends downwards towards the force of ____	gravity	0%
chemical energy store in plant biomass in a given area or volume	gross primary production	0%
(1) the receptor protein on the cell surface membrane is permanently activated even in the absence of ____	growth factors	0%
lighter region at the centre of each A band, thick filaments only: ____ zone	H	0%
____ equations can be used to calculate allelic frequencies in a population. assumptions:	Hardy-Weinberg	0%
(5) the myosin ____ changes position and the actin filaments slide past, the ADP is released	head	0%
when the association of DNA with ____ is weak DNA is more accessible by transcriptional factors	histones	0%
the maintenance of a stable internal environment	homeostasis	0%
glands produce hormones that are transported in the blood and stimulate receptors on target cell membranes. slower, longer-lasting, more widespread	hormonal system	0%
each generation of species make it less ____ for the organisms that follow	hostile	0%
(4) mix the strands with the probe so the probe binds to the DNA - ____	hybridisation	0%
these decompose dead material, releasing more nitrates and some toxic wastes like ____ which putrifies the water	hydrogen sulfide	0%
____ of a tumour suppressor gene can occur to it being switched off	hypermethylation	0%
(8) this causes temporary ____	hyperpolarisation	0%
(4) this makes the membrane potential more negative ( ____ )	hyperpolarisation	0%
fungae form long thin ____ that connect with plant roots and increase surface area of the root system, benefitting the plant by increasing absorption of water and inorganic ions	hyphae	0%
light bands in myofibrils: ____ bands, thick and thin filaments do not overlap, thin filaments only	I	0%
(4) plant and animal breeding, for example to prevent undesirable ____	inbreeding	0%
rate of turning ____ as an organism moves into an unfavourable environment, raising chances of returning quickly to a favourable one	increases	0%
incidence of type II diabetes is ____ so responses of public bodies are important in determining health outcomes	increasing	0%
IAA ( ____ ) controls plant cell elongation and is an auxin	indoleacetic acid	0%
____ can be produced from adult somatic cells using transcription factors	induced pluripotent cells	0%
synapses that make it less likely a new action potential will be created on the postsynaptic neurone	inhibitory	0%
(3) IAA ____ elongation of root cells so the cells on the lower side elongate less	inhibits	0%
artificial ( ____ ) fertilisers are mined from rocks and deposits then converted into different forms and blended to give the right balance for a particular crop	inorganic	0%
when insulin is released, it causes (1) activation of enzymes involved in glycogenesis	insulin	0%
controlled by injections of ____ and usually begins in childhood	insulin	0%
(4) used to detect low ____ light	intensity	0%
low ____ light is enough to break this down	intensity	0%
so they only respond to high light ____	intensity	0%
(2) this creates a low water potential in the ____ region between the limbs	interstitial	0%
this is not possible in more complex organisms due to the presence of ____	introns	0%
mutation that flips a section around 180 degrees	inversion	0%
____ cloning uses the polymerase chain reaction	in vitro	0%
____ is more rapid and does not require living cells	in vitro	0%
____ gene cloning uses vectors to transfer fragments to a host cell	in vivo	0%
____ is precise, more accurate, low risk of contamination, useful for gene therapy, useful to produce transgenic bacteria that produce gene products	in vivo	0%
(2) they contain ____ pigment which requires high intensity light to break down	iodopsin	0%
(2) the population is ____ (no flow of alleles in or out)	isolated	0%
process: (1) DNA fragment is ____	isolated	0%
an organism changes the speed at which it moves and the rate at which it changes direction	kinesis	0%
stage three: ____	Kreb's cycle	0%
(4) population is ____	large	0%
malignant vs benign tumours: both can grow very ____	large	0%
nitrate ions are soluble and ____ through the soil	leach	0%
(2) ____ can cause nitrate ions to enter water sources. high nitrate concentration can prevent efficient oxygen transport in babies	leaching	0%
(2) ____ causes movement of IAA from the light side to the shaded side	light	0%
stage two: ____	link reaction	0%
(1) oestrogen is ____ so diffuses through the phospholipid bilayer	lipid soluble	0%
(1) binds to a transmembrane protein receptor within the cell surface membrane of a ____ cell	liver	0%
a long, hairpin loop that extends from the cortex into the medulla of the kidney and back again. surrounded by blood capillaries	loop of Henle	0%
(2) a greater concentration of IAA builds up on the ____ side of the root	lower	0%
____ tumours reoccur after treatment more frequently	malignant	0%
(4) the method of ____ing does not harm the individual, and is not lost or rubbed off	mark	0%
mark-release recapture assumptions: (1) proportion of ____ to un____ individuals does not change between samples	marked	0%
then from these cells, identify if the gene has been taken up using another ____ gene, e.g. one that is fluorescent	marker	0%
(4) identification of the host cells that have taken up the gene by use of gene ____	markers	0%
(3) ____ diagnosis to investigate if someone has a genetic disease vulnerability	medical	0%
changes to heart rate are controlled by the ____ which has a centre for increasing heart rate and one for decreasing it	medulla oblongata	0%
probability of developing breast cancer increases after the ____ because the fat cells of the breast start producing oestrogen	menopause	0%
malignant tumours ____ and form secondary tumours but benign ones do not because they produce adhesion molecules	metastasise	0%
____ of the cytosine bases prevents binding of transcriptional factors	methylation	0%
epigenetic treatments can be used to treat cancers, e.g. decreasing ____ of tumour suppressor genes	methylation	0%
(2) good blood supply to deliver oxygen and glucose and numerous ____ to produce ATP	mitochondria	0%
if respiration is aerobic, pyruvate enters the ____ by active transport	mitochondrial matrix	0%
cancer cells are derived from a single mutant cell whose mutation causes uncontrolled ____	mitosis	0%
(2) the oncogene may code for a growth factor that is then produced in excessive amounts, stimulating excessive ____	mitosis	0%
all muscle fibres supplied by a single motor neurone	motor unit	0%
(3) the siRNA pairs its bases to the complementary ones on the ____	mRNA	0%
unipotent cells are derived from ____ cells and can only differentiate into one type of cell	multipotent	0%
a further ____ in descendent cells can cause subsequent cells to have abnormal growth or appearance	mutation	0%
(1) no ____	mutations	0%
can be done by free living or ____ bacteria (which live in root nodules on legumulous plants)	mutualistic	0%
symbiotic relationships between fungi and plant roots	mycorrhizae	0%
a ____ motor neurone has the following structure:	myelinated	0%
along a ____ axon, the myelin sheath acts as an electrical insulator	myelinated	0%
their membranes wrap around the axon and layers build up and form the ____	myelin sheath	0%
made up of muscle fibres called ____	myofibrils	0%
the heart muscle is ____ - contraction is initiated from within the muscle	myogenic	0%
(1) large store of ____ (oxygen storage molecule) which gives them a red colour	myoglobin	0%
(2) ____ which is thicker and consists of long, rod-shaped tails with bulbous heads that project to the side	myosin	0%
thus it follow the ____ filaments have not become shorter	myosin	0%
____ comprises of a fibrous protein tail and a globular protein head	myosin	0%
(1) thicker and more numerous ____ filaments	myosin	0%
(6) protons pass out of the thylakoid space and they, along with the electron pair, reduce ____	NADP	0%
(2) ATP and ____ are used to reduce GP	NADP	0%
____ feedback mechanisms in both directions give a greater degree of control	negative	0%
moving away from an unfavourable stimulus	negative taxis	0%
functional unit of the kidney	nephron	0%
uses nerve cells to pass electrical impulses along their length, and stimulate target cells by releasing neurotransmitters. rapid, short-lived, localised response	nervous system	0%
chemical energy store in plant biomass after respiratory losses to the environment have been taken into account	net primary production	0%
the point where a motor neurone meets a skeletal muscle fibre	neuromuscular junction	0%
the light received by rod cells sharing the same ____ will only generate one impulse	neurone	0%
nitrogen cycle: plants take up ____ ions from their roots and animals by ingesting plants	nitrate	0%
oxidation of ammonium to nitrite to nitrate by nitrifying bacteria	nitrification	0%
(5) ____, where there are constrictions between adjacent Schwann cells with no myelin sheath	nodes of Ranvier	0%
benign have a normal cell ____ whereas malignant have a larger and darker ____ due to an abundance of DNA	nucleus	0%
e.g. promote healthy eating and physical activity, ask government to improve laws around ____ labelling	nutrition	0%
in early development, ____ by the mother shapes the epigenome. after birth, environmental factors affect it instead	nutrition	0%
____ is a steroid hormone that helps initiate transcription	oestrogen	0%
practice questions on genetic crosses are the most efficient method of revision (type ok)	ok	0%
a series of small, overlapping single strands of nucleotides	oligonucleotides	0%
mutations of proto-oncogenes, which stimulate a cell to divide when growth factors attach to a protein receptor on its cell-membrane surface	oncogenes	0%
this is because oestrogen promotes transcription and can cause proto-oncogenes in breast tissue to develop into ____	oncogenes	0%
(3) many rod cells are connected to a single sensory neurone in the ____	optic nerve	0%
natural ( ____ ) fertilisers consists of the dead and decaying remains of plants and animals and their wastes	organic	0%
(4) continued erosion of the rock builds up soil, which is contributed to by the ____ matter from dead plants	organic	0%
in return the fungi receive ____ compounds	organic/carbon	0%
control of water potential of the blood	osmoregulation	0%
synthesis of ATP by ____ is associated with transfer of electrons down the ETC and chemiosmotic theory across the inner mitochondrial membranes	oxidative phosphorylation	0%
the ____ responds to pressure and occurs deep in the skin	Pacinian corpuscle	0%
high pH or high pressure transmit impulses along the ____ nervous system pathway to reduce heart rate	parasympathetic	0%
uses of DNA fingerprinting include: (1) resolving questions of ____	paternity	0%
this can be used to screen patients for heritable conditions, drug responses, and health risks - allows for ____ medicine	personalised	0%
the expression of this genetic constitution and its interaction with the environment	phenotype	0%
____ is a reserve supply of phosphate available immediately to form ATP	phosphocreatine	0%
(3) large stores of glycogen and ____	phosphocreatine	0%
(2) they leave the molecule (____)	photoionisation	0%
(5) ____ of water replenishes the chlorophyll electrons - also produces protons and oxygen	photolysis	0%
factors that affect ____ include: temperature, light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration	photosynthesis	0%
the plants and algae below can no longer ____ and die	photosynthesis	0%
____ is where plants grow in response to light	phototropism	0%
succession: (1) the ____ species colonises an environment (e.g. lichens)	pioneer	0%
it is released by the ____ gland and more ADH leads to more water being reabsorbed	pituitary	0%
increasing productivity while farming ____: simplify food webs, pest control to minimise effects of pests (especially important in monocultures)	plants/crops	0%
the fragments are mixed with ____ cut with the same restriction endonuclease	plasmids	0%
____ cells can form all body cell types but placenta, found in embryos	pluripotent	0%
the ____ that make up the renal capsule have gaps between them for filtrate to pass through	podocytes	0%
the ____ are adapted by: microvilli for a large surface area, many mitochondria to provide ATP for active transport	podocytes	0%
here the axon is said to be ____	polarised	0%
(2) make copies of the probe using the ____	polymerase chain reaction/PCR	0%
a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time that can potentially interbreed	population	0%
(2) the marked individuals have sufficient time to distribute evenly within the ____	population	0%
(3) ____ feedback causes more sodium ion channels to open	positive	0%
moving towards a favourable stimulus	positive taxis	0%
(6) the voltage gated sodium ion channels close and the voltage gated ____ ion channels open	potassium	0%
(3) the binding of the neurotransmitter causes ____ ion channels to open and ____ ions to diffuse into the synapse	potassium	0%
multi____ and uni____ cells are found in mature mammals and can divide to form a limited number of cell types	potent	0%
the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic sources, primarily by plants and algae through photosynthesis (biomass per area per time)	primary productivity	0%
short sequences of nucleotides that have a set of bases complementary to those at one end of each of the two DNA fragments	primers	0%
food industry sometimes reformulate products to reduce sugar/salt/fat content but also need to make ____ so promote unhealthy foods still	profit	0%
(4) the complex now enters the nucleus through a nuclear pore and binds to the ____ region on the gene and stimulates transcription	promoter	0%
(4) the action potential is ____ along the axon	propagated	0%
three purposes of this: (1) ensures action potentials are only ____ in one direction	propagated	0%
(4) this acts as a secondary messenger that activates a ____ by changing its shape	protein kinase	0%
determining the genome of simpler organisms allows the ____ of the organism to be determined	proteome	0%
these mutations cause the ____ to be permanently switched on for one of two reasons:	proto oncogene	0%
a series of loops surrounded by blood capillaries. its walls are made of epithelial cells which have microvilli, connects Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle	proximal convoluted tubule	0%
(3) the AVN conveys the wave along the ____ tissue (which collectively makes up (4))	Purkyne	0%
(3) which is oxidised to ____	pyruvate	0%
(5) wash to remove unattached probes then identify if a probe has bound using a ____ or fluorescent marker	radioactive	0%
(5) mating is ____	random	0%
restriction endonucleases cut the DNA and target gene at ____	recognition sites	0%
____ DNA technology involves the transfer of fragments of DNA from one organism or species to another	recombinant	0%
____ DNA technology benefits: treats disease, crops engineered to prevent disease or have environmental advantages, bacteria cloned to break down oil slicks	recombinant	0%
there is a net gain of ATP and ____	reduced NAD	0%
____ arc: stimulus, receptor, sensory neurone, intermediate neurone, motor neurone, effector, response	reflex	0%
the period where inward movement of sodium ions is prevented because the sodium voltage gated channels are closed	refractory period	0%
(1) blood enters the kidney through the ____ artery	renal	0%
(7) potassium ions diffuse out, starting ____ of the axon	repolarisation	0%
(3) behind this new region of depolarisation, ____ occurs	repolarisation	0%
____ separation of two populations can result in accumulation of differences in their gene pools that prevent successful breeding	reproductive	0%
most of the sugars synthesised are used as ____ substrates and the rest to form other biological molecules	respiratory	0%
(9) the potassium ion channels close and once again ____ potential is established	resting	0%
____ is maintained in the axon by actively transporting out sodium ions at a greater rate than actively transporting in portassium ions	resting potential	0%
(2) using ____ enzymes to cut out a fragment containing the desired gene from DNA	restriction endonuclease	0%
(2) cut the DNA into fragments using ____	restriction endonucleases	0%
the light receptor cells in a mammalian eye are found in the ____	retina	0%
mostly found at the peripheries of the ____ where light intensity is low	retina	0%
this is ____ and gives a greater change the threshold value will be exceeded than if only one rod cell were connected	retinal convergence	0%
(1) conversion of mRNA to complementary DNA (cDNA) using ____	reverse transcriptase	0%
(7) in order to create a generator potential, the ____ pigment in the rod cells must be broken down	rhodopsin	0%
light independent reaction: (1) carbon dioxide reacts with ____	ribulose bisphosphate	0%
(1) enzyme cuts double stranded ____ into smaller sections of siRNA	RNA	0%
____ is breaking down mRNA before translation	RNA interference	0%
before insertion, a promoter region is added for ____ to bind at and a terminator region for ____ to detach at	RNA polymerase	0%
(1) cells in the ____ tip produce IAA which is initially transported evenly along the ____	root	0%
(1) cell body containing cell organelles including large amounts of ____ to produce neurotransmitters	rough endoplasmic reticulum	0%
which is catalysed by ____	rubisco	0%
the localised circuits jump between adjacent nodes of Ranvier - ____ conduction	saltatory	0%
this occurs when ____ feed on dead organisms and break down their polypeptides e.g.	saprobionts	0%
the distance between adjacent Z lines is called a ____	sarcomere	0%
these share nuclei and cytoplasm (called ____ ) which is found at the circumference of the fibre and contains a large concentration of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum	sarcoplasm	0%
(1) once the action potential has crossed the neuromuscular junction, it travels into the fibre trough a system of T-tubules that branch throughout the ____	sarcoplasm	0%
(2) the ____ has actively transported calcium ions from the sarcoplasm so there is a very low concentration	sarcoplasmic reticulum	0%
(4) ____ cells which surround the axon, protect, insulate, carry out phagocytosis on debris, help nerve regeneration	Schwann	0%
the creation of new biomass by consumers (biomass per area per time)	secondary productivity	0%
(3) there is no ____ so all alleles equally likely to be passed on	selection	0%
the single ____ of a Pacinian corpuscle is at the centre of layers of connective tissue separated by gel	sensory neurone	0%
____ methods are continuously updated and have become automated	sequencing	0%
genes located on sex chromosomes	sex linked	0%
(1) cells in the ____ tip produce IAA which is initially transported evenly throughout all regions as it moves down the ____	shoot	0%
process: (1) a wave of electrical excitation spreads out from the ____ in the right atrium wall	sinoatrial node	0%
so the medulla increases frequency of impulses to the ____ and thus increases heart rate	sinoatrial node	0%
____ are stimulated to contract by nerves and act as effectors. they act in antagonistic pairs against an incompressible skeleton	skeletal muscles	0%
evidence for the ____ mechanism of muscle contraction: I band, H zone, and sarcomere narrows but the A band remains the same width	sliding filament	0%
____ muscle fibres contract more slowly, adapted to endurance work, adapted for aerobic respiration	slow twitch	0%
siRNA	small interfering RNA	0%
(1) the energy of a stimulus arriving causes some voltage-gated ____ ion channels to open	sodium	0%
(5) this makes it less likely a new action potential will be created because a larger influx of ____ ions will be required	sodium	0%
this opens ____ ion channels and depolarises the membrane	sodium	0%
summation where many neurones give an impulse	spatial	0%
this uses ____	spatial summation	0%
benign tumours often have ____ cells but in malignant ones cells become un____	specialised	0%
mutations are ____ but frequency is increased by mutagenic agents	spontaneous	0%
eliminates extremes of the phenotypic range within a population and with it the capacity for evolutionary change	stabilising selection	0%
pluripotent ____ treatments pros: alleviate human suffering, use embryos from fertility treatments that would otherwise be destroyed, no harm to a person	stem cell	0%
this gives complementary ____ which means the DNA can incorporate the gene	sticky ends	0%
(3) limits the number of action potentials in a given time so the strength of ____ that can be detected	stimulus	0%
when pressure is applied, the PC is deformed, the membrane around the neurone is widened, and the ____ open	stretch mediated sodium ion channels	0%
(1) protons are pumped from the ____ to the thylakoid space	stroma	0%
mutation that changes one base for another	substitution	0%
and ATP by ____	substrate level phosphorylation	0%
(1) they often have their own bipolar cell so ____ cannot be used to exceed the threshold but have good visual acuity	summation	0%
you need to manage conflict between human needs and conservation to maintain ____ of natural resources	sustainability	0%
along the ____ pathway	sympathetic	0%
____ speciation: two populations are in the same area but are reproductively separated (e.g. fertile at different times of year)	sympatric	0%
benign tumours tend to have localised effects whereas malignant ones have ____ effects	systemic	0%
a simple response whose direction is determined by the direction of the stimulus	taxis	0%
summation where one neurone gives many impulses in a short time	temporal	0%
(3) a change in the ____ structure of glucose carrier proteins causing them to open	tertiary	0%
benign tumours can usually be removed by surgery, malignant tumours usually require radio____ and/or chemo____ as well	therapy	0%
a computer controlled machine that varies temperatures precisely over a period of time	thermocycler	0%
(6) a certain ____ has to be exceeded before a generator can be created	threshold value	0%
benign tumours are compacted by a capsule of dense ____ but malignant ones are not	tissue	0%
____ cells can divide and produce any type of body cell, found in early mammalian embryos	totipotent	0%
this causes the shoot tip to bend ____ the light	towards	0%
cells can control their metabolic activities by regulating ____ and translation of their genome	transcription	0%
for transcription to begin, a ____ must bind to a promoter region so the DNA can be transcribed	transcriptional factor	0%
(3) ____ of the DNA into host cells	transformation	0%
the genetic code is universal so transferred DNA is translated within cells of the recipient ____ organism	transgenic	0%
(4) the enzyme cuts the mRNA into smaller pieces and prevens ____	translation	0%
mutation where a segment of chromosome breaks off and attaches to a non-homologous chromosome or another part of the same chromosome	translocation	0%
to ____	triose phosphate	0%
(2) which is converted to ____	triose phosphate	0%
NPP is available for plant growth and reproduction and to other ____ levels in the ecosystem	trophic	0%
____ forms long thin strands that wind around actin filaments	tropomyosin	0%
when the muscles are relaxed, calcium ions are actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and ____ blocks the filament again	tropomyosin	0%
(3) calcium ions are released and bind to ____, changing its shape and displacing tropomyosin from blocking the actin filament	troponin	0%
____ slow down cell division, repair mistakes in DNA, tell a cell when to die	tumour suppressor genes	0%
diabetes where the body cannot produce insulin due to an autoimmune attack on the beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans	Type I	0%
diabetes where glycoprotein receptors lose responsiveness to insulin or there is an inadequate supply of insulin from the pancreas	Type II	0%
synapses are ____ (impulses only travel one way)	unidirectional	0%
along an ____ axon, this is how the action potential moves along the axon:	unmyelinated	0%
this can be applied in ____ production by identification of specific antigens	vaccine	0%
VNTRs	variable number tandem repeats	0%
(2) DNA fragment is inserted into a ____	vector	0%
(5) the wave of excitation is released from the Purkyne tissue, causing the ____ to contract	ventricles	0%
(2) ____ containing glucose transport carrier proteins fuse with the cell surface membrane to increase glucose absorption	vesicles	0%
this means rod cells give low ____ as the brain cannot distinguish separate sources of light that stimulated them	visual acuity	0%
(5) mix with different radioactively marked probes complementary to ____	VNTRs	0%
this holds ____ which makes it easier for other plants to grow	water	0%
(4) sodium ions diffuse and are actively transported out all the way up the ascending limb to maintain a ____ gradient	water potential	0%
rod cells: (1) cannot distinguish different ____ of light	wavelengths	0%
(2) ____ of the base rock by the pioneer species produces sand or soil	weathering	0%
(6) develop by placing on ____ film	X-ray	0%
at the centre of each I band is the ____ line	Z	0%

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