YEAR ONE: A-Level Chemistry OCR-B - Statistics

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Answer Stats

Hint	Answer	% Correct
the number of protons in the nucleus	atomic number/proton number	100%
____ are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons	atoms	50%
for an element, oxidation state = ____	0	0%
for a compound, overall oxidation states of constituent elements sum to ____	0	0%
for many reactions, rate is roughly doubled by a ____K increase in temperature	10	0%
bent: 2 single covalent bonds, 2 lone pairs around the central atom, bond angle ____	104.5	0%
trigonal pyramidal: 3 single covalent bonds, 1 lone pair around the central atom, bond angle ____	107	0%
tetrahedral: 4 single covalent bonds, no lone pairs around the central atom, bond angle ____	109.5	0%
____ principles: prevent waste, less hazardous synthesis, safer products, safer solvents, lower energy use, renewable feedstocks, reduce reagents used and number of steps, use catalysts and more selective catalysts, products designed for degradation, better process monitoring, safer processes	12	0%
trigonal planar: 3 groups of electrons around the central atom, bond angle ____	120	0%
an M+1 peak indicates that one of the carbon atoms in the molecule is carbon-____	13	0%
shells have subshells s, p, d and f which can hold 2, 6, 10 and ____ electrons respectively	14/fourteen	0%
however, it can be used in mixtures of petrol up to ____ percent	15	0%
linear: 2 groups of electrons around the central atom, bond angle ____	180	0%
at room temperature, this is ____ dm^3	24	0%
(1) esterify the phenol group to form ____ (aspirin) - water soluble, can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the stomach wall	2-ethanoyloxybenzoic acid	0%
you can esterify ____ (salicylic) acid in two ways because it has both a phenol and carboxylic acid group	2-hydroxybenzoic	0%
shell n=n holds ____ electrons	2n^2	0%
the s block is groups 1 and ____	2/two	0%
this requires a heated alumina catalyst at ____ degrees C or reflux with concentrated sulfuric acid	300	0%
radical chain reactions have ____ key stages	3/three	0%
when water freezes it forms ice crystals - an open structure with ____ hydrogens around each oxygen atom to maximise hydrogen bonding	4/four	0%
s, p, d and f subshells contain 1, 3, 5 and ____ orbitals respectively	7/seven	0%
the p block is groups 3 to ____	8/eight	0%
trigonal bipyramidal: 5 groups of electrons around the central atom, bond angles 120 or ____ depending on the position in the molecule	90	0%
octahedral: 6 groups around the central atom, bond angle ____	90	0%
an ____ is formed when white light is passed through a cool sample of a gaseous element	absorption spectrum	0%
relative atomic mass is an average of the isotopic masses accounting for their ____	abundance	0%
samples of an element may vary in Ar depending on their source due to different ____ of isotopes between samples	abundance	0%
non-metals form ____ solutions	acidic	0%
in solution, the soluble hydrogen halides are all ____	acidic	0%
proton donors that dissociate in water to produce hydrogen ions	acids	0%
minimum energy required for a reaction to be successful	activation enthalpy	0%
two or more molecules react to form a single, larger molecule	addition	0%
a polymerisation where no byproducts are formed and the monomers tend to contain C=C bonds	addition	0%
(1) reactants are ____ onto the surface of the catalyst by forming bonds	adsorbed	0%
the catalyst surface becomes coated in soot, blocking ____	adsorption	0%
____ are polar due to the polarised OH bond, so can form hydrogen bond	alcohols	0%
primary alcohols are initially oxidised to ____	aldehydes	0%
compounds without benzene rings	aliphatic	0%
metal oxides and hydroxides form ____ solutions in water but are not very soluble	alkaline	0%
saturated hydrocarbon, can be straight or branched	alkane	0%
many alcohols can lose a molecule of water to form an ____ and water (dehydration, elimination)	alkene	0%
they are derived from alkanes by substituting an ____ group (-OR) gor a hydrogen atom	alkoxy	0%
heating a haloalkane in a sealed tube with concentrated ammonia can produce an ____	amine	0%
you can also use an ____ reagent:	ammonia	0%
when ____ solution is added, solubility of the silver halide decreases down the group	ammonia	0%
all of the hydrogen halides react with ____ to make ammonium salts	ammonia	0%
if a glass rod is dipped in concentrated ____ solution then placed in the hydrogen halide, a white cloud of ammonium halide is made	ammonia	0%
if it's leaking, a white cloud of ____ will be seen	ammonium chloride	0%
this closes automatically if the ____ that regulates discharge of chlorine is broken	angle valve	0%
when heated, this is removed as steam, leaving the ____ solid	anhydrous	0%
negatively charged ions	anions	0%
positive electrode where oxidation occurs	anode	0%
they behave independently of each other, which is why ____ solutions of salts conduct electricity	aqueous	0%
if electrolysis occurs in an ____ solution of a salt, water competes with the ions from the salt	aqueous	0%
the ____ under the curve remains the same	area	0%
compounds with one or more benzene rings	aromatic	0%
(relative formula mass of desired product / relative formula mass of all reactants used) x 100	atom economy	0%
____ are places in an atom where an electron is likely to be found	atomic orbitals	0%
this increases across a period because the nuclear charge becomes more positive but the ____ stays very similar	atomic radius	0%
(3) new bonds form between the ____, held close together on the catalyst's surface	atoms/reactants	0%
number of formula units in 1 mol	Avogadro constant/6.02x10^23	0%
need to ____ with: cost of new reagents, health and safety issues of new reagents, yield, cost of new procedures (e.g. if lowering temperature increases time to reach equilibrium does it save money and energy?)	balance	0%
protons acceptors that react with an acid to produce water and a salt	bases	0%
biodiesel is ____ if spilled	biodegradable	0%
made by chemically reacting fats and oils with alcohols	biodiesel	0%
(1) copper 2+	blue	0%
you can use a ____ to measure enthalpy changes	bomb calorimeter	0%
the average quantity of energy needed to break a particular bond in the gaseous state	bond enthalpy	0%
bonds are broken	bond fission	0%
the equilibrium ____ is the balance between the attractive forces of the nuclei and electrons and repulsive forces between nuclei	bond length	0%
the most strongly alkaline oxides and hydroxides are at the ____ of the group	bottom	0%
potassium iodide + lead 2+ forms a ____ precipitate	bright yellow	0%
therefore, a ____ might be produced (still colourless)	bromoalcohol	0%
this theory of H+ transfer is the ____ theory of acids and bases	Bronsted Lowry	0%
(3) iodine is ____	brown	0%
the ____ is what chlorine is transferred to on site	bulk trailer	0%
this leaves a bromide ion and a ____	carbocation	0%
(2) all metal ____	carbonates	0%
acid + carbonate => salt + water + ____	carbon dioxide	0%
the catalyst is constantly recycled through a separate container and blown with hot air - oxygen converted carbon to ____ and regenerates the catalyst	carbon dioxide	0%
comes from combustion of fuels. greenhouse effect	carbon dioxide	0%
(2) hydrocarbons are converted to ____ and water by adding oxygen	carbon dioxide	0%
formed from incomplete combustion of fuels. toxic, causes photochemical smog	carbon monoxide	0%
ethanol can be said to be ____ because carbon dioxide released in burning and fermentation matches the carbon dioxide absorbed in the growing plant	carbon neutral	0%
biodiesel is ____ except for energy used to produce and distribute	carbon neutral	0%
the OH group is converted to a ____ group, and the reaction mixture turns from orange to green	carbonyl	0%
acid anhydride: react completely with an alcohol on warming to give a higher yield of ester, also produce a ____	carboxylic acid	0%
further reflux with excess oxidising agent can oxidise them to ____	carboxylic acids	0%
the process of increasing rate of reaction using a catalyst	catalysis	0%
a substance which increases the rate of a reaction by offering an alternate reaction pathway with lower activation energy	catalyst	0%
this occurs in ____	catalytic converters	0%
____ remove pollutants in exhaust	catalytic converters	0%
the property of carbon to form covalent bonds with itself	catenation	0%
negative electrode where reduction occurs	cathode	0%
in a mass spectrometer, sample atoms or molecules are ionised to ____	cations	0%
positively charged ions	cations	0%
particulates are removed by ____	ceramic filters	0%
different arrangement of the carbon atoms	chain isomerism	0%
for a simple ion, = ____ of the ion	charge	0%
for a complex ion, overall oxidation states sum to the ____ of the ion	charge	0%
catalysts are recovered ____ at the end of a reaction	chemically unchanged	0%
chlorine can form ____ oxyanions, where chlorine's oxidation state can be +1 +3 +5 or +7	chlorate	0%
for example, when poly(____) is made, the first stage is reacting ethene with chlorine	chloroethane	0%
an element that has all of its sub-shells fully occupied by electrons has a ____ arrangement	closed shell	0%
a reaction will only occur if particles of reactants collide with sufficient energy	collision theory	0%
the end point is marked by the solution turning ____	colourless	0%
at room temperature the first four alkanes are ____	colourless gases	0%
higher members are ____	colourless liquids	0%
____ combustion forms carbon dioxide and water when carbon-based fuels burn	complete	0%
bond enthalpies are often averages from several ____	compounds	0%
to check if chlorine cylinders are leaking, a stick with a cloth soaked in ____ is held near the tank	concentrated ammonia solution	0%
the liquid is boiled with a vertically mounted ____ so the vapour condenses and returns back into the reaction mixture	condenser	0%
because there are no charge particles, simple covalent molecules do not ____ electricity	conduct	0%
metals ____ electricity as the electrons are free to move	conduct	0%
some reactions need ____ heating, but many do not	continuous	0%
more than one monomer is incorporated into the final polymer	copolymerisation	0%
this must be dry as chlorine and water react to produce ____ acids	corrosive	0%
covalent networks can also form, which have strong ____ bonds between atoms in the network	covalent	0%
shared pair of electrons	covalent bond	0%
(2) bromide	cream	0%
(3) bromine is a ____	dark red volatile liquid	0%
it occurs in acidic solution. it has 2 simple covalent bonds and 1 ____ covalent bond	dative	0%
(1) the nucleophile attacks the delta-positive carbon and donates two electrons to form a new ____ covalent bond	dative	0%
both bonding electrons are donated by one atom in the pair	dative covalent bond	0%
bubbling ethene gas through bromine ____ the bromine	decolorises	0%
shaking an alkene with water ____ the bromine water	decolorises	0%
(4) solubility of the carbonate ____	decreases	0%
metals have a lattice structure of metal cations in a sea of ____ valence electrons	delocalised	0%
the four electrons in ethene's double bond gives the region a high ____ of negative charge	density	0%
(4) this weakens the bonds to the catalyst surface and the produces are ____	desorbed	0%
all halogens occur as ____ molecules	diatomic	0%
acidified potassium ____ can be used to oxidise primary and secondary alcohols	dichromate	0%
____ engines remove nitrogen monoxide and hydrocarbons in the same way	diesel	0%
a molecule or part of a molecule with a positive and negative end	dipole	0%
you can have: instantaneous ____ induced ____ bonds, permanent ____ induced ____ bonds, permanent ____ permanent ____ bonds	dipole	0%
(2) iron 2+	dirty green	0%
more reactive halogens can ____ less reactive halogens from an aqueous solution of their salts	displace	0%
when ionic substances ____, the ions becomes surrounded by water molecules and spread out through the solution	dissolve	0%
the ester can then be separated from the mixture by ____ and purified	distillation	0%
alkenes have a carbon carbon ____ so are unsatured	double bond	0%
concentrations of reactants and products are constant, both forward and reverse reactions happen at equal rates	dynamic equilibrium	0%
benefits of hydrogen fuel: (1) renewable and can be made from ____ of water	electrolysis	0%
breakdown of a compound using electricity	electrolysis	0%
(4) ____ energy	electron	0%
the unpaired electron has a strong tendency to pair up again with another ____	electron	0%
(1) there must be a large dipole between a hydrogen atom and a highly ____ atom such as O, N or F	electronegative	0%
the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons in a chemical bond	electronegativity	0%
the arrangement of electrons in shells and orbitals	electronic configuration	0%
it decreases down a group because of more ____	electronic shielding	0%
____ have charge -1 and mass 0	electrons	0%
if a molecule absorbs ultraviolet radiation, one of three things might happen: (1) ____ may be excited to a higher energy level	electrons	0%
a positive ion or a molecule with a partial positive charge that will be attracted to a negatively charged region and react by accepting a lone pair of electrons to form a covalent bond	electrophile	0%
____ interactions between different simple molecules are weak, so melting and boiling points are low	electrostatic	0%
anions and cations are held together by opposite charges in an ____ attraction	electrostatic	0%
metals have high melting and boiling points due to the ____ attractions between cations and electrons	electrostatic	0%
the energy difference is emitted as electromagnetic radiation and can be used to give an ____	emission spectrum	0%
formula that tells you the ratio of different types of atom per formula unit	empirical	0%
reaction that releases less energy making bonds than it requires to break bonds	endothermic	0%
____ of a photon = Planck constant x frequency	energy	0%
it's also less ____ than petrol	energy dense	0%
however, does not account for ____ used to produce and distribute the ethanol	energy/fuel	0%
you can calculate enthalpy change of a reaction indirectly using ____	enthalpy cycles	0%
can be used to picture energy changes as a reaction occurs	enthalpy profile	0%
if a system at ____ is changed by adding more of a reagent, the system will counteract that change to maintain position of ____	equilibrium	0%
carboxylic acid: slow, requires strong acid catalyst and heating under reflux, reaction comes to ____	equilibrium	0%
Kc is the ____ and it's a measure of how much product compared to reactant there is	equilibrium constant	0%
the two heaviest groups are on opposite sides of the molecule	E-stereoisomer	0%
you can ____ an alcohol with carboxylic acid or acid anhydride	esterify	0%
made by fermentation of carbohydrate crops	ethanol	0%
____ are functional group isomers of alcohols and have formula R-O-R	ethers	0%
this forms ____	ethyl hydrogensulfate	0%
there is an ____on large chlorine tanks	excess flow valve	0%
when an atom is ____, electrons jump into higher energy levels	excited	0%
reaction that releases more energy making bonds than it requires to break bonds	exothermic	0%
how much product you actually get	experimental yield	0%
there are pressure release devices designed to vent the tank to prevent it ____ if pressure becomes too high	exploding	0%
electrons are organised into four blocks labelled s, p, d and ____	f	0%
fusion requires high temperatures so the nuclei are moving ____ enough to overcome the repulsion	fast/quickly	0%
the part of the infrared spectrum below 1500 cm^-1	fingerprint region	0%
energy needed to remove one mole of the most loosely held electrons from one mole of isolated gaseous ions to create one mole of gaseous ions with a +1 charge	first ionisation enthalpy	0%
this is because if a few bonds break, new bonds can start to ____, which usually gives out enough energy to keep the reaction going	form	0%
the basic units that make up a substance that match the formulae of that substance	formula units	0%
however, its production of water often depends on energy from ____ power stations	fossil fuel	0%
the way in which a parent ion breaks down into smaller fragments	fragmentation pattern	0%
speed of light = wavelength x ____	frequency	0%
____ generate electricity on a small scale in cars	fuel cells	0%
same molecular formula but different functional group	functional group isomerism	0%
modifiers responsible for the chemical reactions of molecules	functional groups	0%
the higher the value of n, the ____ the shell from the nucleus and the higher the energy associated	further	0%
(2) some brown bromine ____ is made when HBr is heated strongly	gas	0%
polar bonds can also break in this way if the reaction is occurring in the ____ phase in the presence of light	gas	0%
the main problem is that a large volume of ____ hydrogen is required to get the mileage equivalent to a full tank of petrol	gaseous	0%
this is equal to the Ar in ____	grams	0%
they do not usually conduct electricity, excepting ____	graphite	0%
____ chemistry is developing chemicals and products that are sustainable	green	0%
two other examples of biofuels are ____ and biogas	green diesel	0%
(2) chlorine is a ____	green gas	0%
when electrons return to their ____, they emit the extra energy as electromagnetic radiation	ground state	0%
vertical columns in the periodic table	groups	0%
in order of acid strength: ethanol ____ water ____ phenol ____ carboxylic acids	>	0%
equation: 2H2O => O2 + 4____ + 4e-	H+	0%
at the anode, oxygen will form unless a ____ ion is present	halide	0%
(2) the C-X bond breaks heterolytically and the halogen receives two electrons, producing a ____ ion	halide	0%
this excludes: (1) silver and lead ____	halides	0%
carbon-halogen bonds in ____ are polar but not enough to make a large difference to the physical properties of the compounds	haloalkanes	0%
the ____ are in group 7, the p-block	halogens	0%
relative abundance can be calculated from the ____ of each peak on a mass spectrum	height	0%
____ law - enthalpy change for any chemical reaction is independent of the route taken so long as the initial and final conditions are the same	Hess	0%
catalysis where catalyst and reactants are in different physical states	heterogeneous	0%
the shared electrons go to just one of the atoms when the bond breaks	heterolytic fission	0%
at ____ temperature, ____ pressure, and in the presence of a catalyst, ethene and steam can undergo an addition reaction	high	0%
straight chain alkanes have ____ boiling points than branched ones due to more contacts between molecules for intermolecular bonds to form	higher	0%
compounds with hydrogen bonding have ____ boiling points as they require a lot of energy to break	higher	0%
catalysis where both catalyst and reactants are in the same physical state	homogeneous	0%
a series of related compounds with the same general molecular formulae	homologous series	0%
one of two shared electrons go to each atom	homolytic fission	0%
ionic compounds with this are ____	hydrated	0%
adding a molecule of water across a double bond is a ____ reaction	hydration	0%
(4) produces no CO2, CO or ____ when burnt	hydrocarbons	0%
inhaling chlorine at high concentrations can cause it to react in the lungs to form ____	hydrochloric acid	0%
____ is often made as a co-product from the chlorination of organic compounds	hydrochloric acid	0%
acid + metal => salt + ____	hydrogen	0%
at the cathode, ____ will form unless the metal present is less reactive than hydrogen	hydrogen	0%
sodium fluoride and sodium chloride both react with concentrated acid to make ____ fluoride/chloride gas	hydrogen	0%
for a ____ bond to form:	hydrogen	0%
(2) there must be a ____ atom in a nearby molecule which can get very close to the O, N or F	hydrogen	0%
tertiary alcohols are not oxidised because there is no ____ atom on the carbon atom to which the -OH is attached	hydrogen	0%
reaction that saturates an unsaturated molecule	hydrogenation	0%
ethene reacts with a solution of ____ in a polar solvent at room temperature	hydrogen bromide	0%
sodium bromide reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid to make ____	hydrogen bromide	0%
this forms ____ and oxygen	hydrogen dioxide	0%
sodium iodide reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid to make ____	hydrogen iodide	0%
the iodide ions are stronger reducing agents than bromide, so can reduce the sulfur in the acid further to make ____ gas	hydrogen sulfide	0%
rate of ____ of a carbon halogen bond is determined by bond strength	hydrolysis	0%
(4) all metal ____ (except group 1)	hydroxides	0%
____ radicals form when oxygen reacts with water in the stratosphere	hydroxyl	0%
pV = nRT is the ____ equation	ideal gas	0%
(3) ____ in the reactants	impurities	0%
going down the group, the halogens become darker, have ____ melting and boiling points, become less volatile	increased	0%
as you go down group two: (1) reactivity with water ____	increases	0%
(2) pH of the hydroxide in water ____	increases	0%
(3) solubility of the hydroxide ____	increases	0%
as temperature ____, the curve will shift right and the peak will be lower	increases	0%
an ____ dipole occurs when an unpolarised molecule is next to a dipole	induced	0%
we sense ____ radiation as heat as the radiation increases vibrational energy of the bonds in skin	infrared	0%
(1) radicals are formed by photodissociation and soon react with something else	initiation	0%
electrons are in constant motion. when unevenly distributed, an ____ occurs	instantaneous dipole	0%
the halogens form only ____ bonds. the boiling points increase down the group because as the size of the atoms increases these become stronger	instantaneous dipole induced dipole	0%
the enthalpy profile for a catalyst has 2 humps because an ____ is formed	intermediate	0%
(3) can be used in ____ or fuel cells to generate electricity	internal combustion engines	0%
sodium thiosulfate is a strong enough oxidising agent to oxidise ____ ions	iodide	0%
____ titrations can be used to find the concentration of sodium thiosulfate	iodine thiosulfate	0%
neutralisation ____ equation: H+ + OH- => H2O	ionic	0%
ionic reactions in solution that forms a solid precipitate	ionic precipitation	0%
____ tends to create this	ionisation	0%
(3) the molecule may be ____ with very high energy photons	ionised	0%
when a solution of sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of ____, the following colour forms:	ions/metal ions	0%
in an ____ atom, all orbitals in the same sub-shell have the same energy	isolated	0%
atoms of the same element with different mass numbers	isotopes	0%
secondary alcoholes are oxidised to ____ but not further because that would involve breaking a strong carbon carbon bond	ketones	0%
plots ____ energy against fraction of particles with that energy	kinetic	0%
the f block is the ____ and actinides	lanthanides	0%
in a solid compound, each ion attracts many others of opposite charge and a giant ____ builds up	lattice	0%
the group that leaves the molecule	leaving group	0%
if a system is at equilibrium and a change is made in any of the conditions then the system will oppose the change	Le Chatelier's principle	0%
this makes it ____ thermally stable so breaks down more easily on heating	less	0%
____ theory is that bases are electron pair donors, acids electron pair acceptos	Lewis	0%
one solution is storing it as a ____ in a high-pressure fuel tank	liquid	0%
chlorine is transported in pressurised tank containers as a ____	liquid	0%
pair of electrons not involved in bonding	lone pair	0%
(3) there must be a ____ on the O, N or f for the positively charged hydrogen atom to line up with	lone pair	0%
for example in the catalytic cracking of ____ hydrocarbons, carbon is produced	long chain	0%
intermolecular forces are stronger the ____ an alkane's chain is	longer	0%
the orbitals are filled in order of increasing energy to produce the ____ energy arrangement possible	lowest	0%
spacing between energy levels: translational ____ rotational ____ vibrational ____ electron	</less than	0%
in hydrogen, the emission lines are called the ____ series	Lyman	0%
units are: Pa, ____, J, K^-1 mol^-1, K respectively	m^3/metres cubed	0%
____ = molar mass x mol	mass	0%
the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus	mass number	0%
measures the atomic or molecular mass of different particles in a sample and the relative abundance of different isotopes in an element	mass spectrometry	0%
these are then separated according to their ____	mass to charge ratio	0%
the distribution of kinetic energies in a gas at a given temperature	Maxwell Boltzmann	0%
____ tend to increase from groups 1 to 4, then fall sharply and gradually decrease	melting points/boiling points	0%
attraction overcomes repulsion between ions so ionic compounds have high ____	melting points/boiling points	0%
the modern periodic table is based on one proposed by ____	Mendeleev	0%
elements become more ____ down a group (more readily form cations) and less across a period	metallic	0%
ions are only formed when ____ react with non-metals if the overall energy change is favourable	metals	0%
(2) react the -COOH with methanol to form ____ (oil of wintergreen) which is used as a linament - fat soluble, absorbed through the skin	methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate/methyl salicylate	0%
mass of one mole	molar mass	0%
the volume occupied by one mole of any gas at a particular temperature and pressure	molar volume	0%
formula that tells you actual numbers of different types of atom per formula unit	molecular	0%
the heaviest ion on a mass spectrum corresponding to the molecule with just one electron removed	molecular ion	0%
once ____ or dissolved, they can conduct electricity	molten	0%
lone pairs repel ____ strongly than bonding pairs	more	0%
the poisons are adsorbed ____ strongly to the catalyst surface than the reactant molecules, reducing surface area available for catalysis	more	0%
the halogens are ____ soluble in organic solvents than water	more	0%
the bigger the halogen atom and the ____ halogen atoms there are, the higher the boiling point	more	0%
sum of the constituent relative atomic masses is the relative formula mass or ____	Mr	0%
pi bonds consist of two areas of ____, one above and one below the plane of the atoms	negative charge/electron density	0%
acid + alkali reaction is called a ____ reaction	neutralisation	0%
____ have charge 0 and mass 1	neutrons	0%
the ____ catalyst in the Haber process can be poisoned if the feedstock contains sulfur compounds, so these are removed first	nickel	0%
(2) a finely powdered ____ catalyst at high temperature and pressure	nickel	0%
nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide react with atmospheric water and oxygen to form ____ (V) acid	nitric	0%
(3) nitrogen monoxide reacts with carbon monoxide to form ____ and carbon dioxide	nitrogen	0%
____ oxides can be reduced by recycling some of the exhaust gases through the cylinder, decreasing temperature	nitrogen	0%
____ then reacts with oxygen atoms to release nitrogen monoxide and dioxygen	nitrogen dioxide	0%
____ reacts with ozone to form nitrogen dioxide and dioxygen	nitrogen monoxide	0%
comes from combustion of fuels. acid rain, photochemical smog	nitrogen oxides	0%
however, biodiesel produces more ____ than conventional fossil fuels	nitrogen oxides	0%
these atoms have no overall charge and are most commonly formed when the bond being broken is ____	non polar	0%
they have high melting and boiling points and are ____ soluble in water	not	0%
when heated in a laboratory: (1) hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen chloride are ____ broken down into their elements	not	0%
two light atomic nuclei fuse to form a single heavier nucleus of a new element, releasing energy	nuclear fusion	0%
a molecule or ion with a lone pair of electrons that it can donate to a positively charged atom to form a covalent bond	nucleophile	0%
water molecules have lone pairs of electrons and can act as ____ in competition with bromide ions in the second stage of the mechanism	nucleophiles	0%
the reaction of ozone with Cl radicals 1500x faster than with ____ radicals and Br is 10x faster than that	O	0%
overall reaction: O + O3 -> 2____	O2	0%
equation: 2H2O + 2e- => 2____ + H2	OH-	0%
each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons if they have ____ spins	opposite/paired	0%
(3) iron 3+	orange brown	0%
(2) bromine is ____	orange brown	0%
(2) bromine is ____	orange yellow	0%
only when all ____ in a sub-shell are occupied with one electron do the electrons pair up	orbitals	0%
how many electrons have been lost or gained compared to the unreacted element	oxidation state	0%
____ are still produced	oxides of nitrogen/nitrogen oxides	0%
the less reactive halogen is ____ and the more reactive halogen reduced	oxidised	0%
increases when something is ____ and decreases when it is reduced	oxidised	0%
fluorine is the most reactive of the halogens and is the strongest ____	oxidising agent	0%
H3O+ is the ____ ion	oxonium	0%
the OH group reacts with water to form ____ so behaves as an acid	oxonium	0%
a negative ion with oxygen in it	oxyanion	0%
(1) carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide by adding ____	oxygen	0%
an H+ binds to the ____ on the alcohol group, giving the carbon atom a higher partial positive charge and making it more readily attacked	oxygen	0%
elements in the same block show general similarities: e.g. all the non-metals are in the ____ block	p	0%
the bromide ion donates a ____ to the positively charged carbon to form a new C-Br bond	pair of electrons/electron pair/lone pair	0%
dissolved in water: (1) chlorine is ____	pale green	0%
dissolved in cyclohexane: (1) chlorine is ____	pale green	0%
(3) iodide	pale yellow	0%
at room temperature: (1) fluorine is a ____	pale yellow gas	0%
for the lowest energy arrangement, electrons in singly occupied orbitals have ____ spins	parallel	0%
the ____-positive bromine atom behaves as an electrophile and reacts with the alkene double bond	partially/delta	0%
____ theory of light: light is a stream of photons	particle	0%
small carbon particles generated by burning fuels. penetrate deep into the human body and cause heart attacks and lung cancer	particulates	0%
gas concentrations can be expressed as ____ (ppm)	parts per million	0%
a p orbital is shaped like a ____	peanut	0%
(experimental yield / theoretical yield) x 100	percentage yield	0%
the occurrence of patterns across a period from left to right	periodicity	0%
horizontal rows in the periodic table	periods	0%
____ dipoles occur when atoms in a bond have different electronegativities	permanent	0%
iron (IIII) chloride solution turns from yellow to pink in the presence of a ____	phenol	0%
the catalyst is ____ acid adsorbed onto solid silica	phosphoric acid	0%
to prepare pure hydrogen bromide or iodide, concentrated ____ should be used instead as it won't be reduced	phosphoric acid	0%
formed when primary pollutants are acted on by sunlight. causes haziness, reduced visibility, respiratory problems	photochemical smog	0%
(2) ____ which forms radicals	photodissocation	0%
a ____ is emitted or absorbed when the electron changes energy levels	photon	0%
a double bond contains one sigma bond and one ____ bond	pi	0%
(2) can be stored and sent down ____ (like how methane is currently)	pipelines	0%
for this, you can use (1) a ____ catalyst under standard laboratory conditions	platinum	0%
catalysts can be ____ so they no longer function properly	poisoned	0%
common when a bond is ____. one atom becomes negatively charged and one positively	polar	0%
when atoms are unequally electronegative, one gets a slightly negative charge, creating a ____ bond	polar	0%
heterolytic fission is more common under laboratory conditions because the carbon-halogen bond is ____	polar	0%
cations with a higher charge density can ____ the negative charge cloud around the carbonate ion	polarise	0%
as it approaches the alkene, the bromine molecule becomes ____	polarised	0%
bond ____ and bond strength both decrease down the group	polarity	0%
a long molecule made up from many smaller monomers	polymer	0%
the process by which monomers join to produce long chain polymers	polymerisation	0%
sometimes the catalyst is supported on a ____ to increase surface area and prevent crumbling	porous material	0%
different position of the functional group	position isomerism	0%
pollutants formed or emitted directly from particular sources	primary	0%
alcohols with an -OH bonded to a carbon bonded to one other carbon atom	primary	0%
each electron shell is labelled first with n, the ____	principle quantum number	0%
if Kc is greater than one, there is more ____	product	0%
(2) the radicals react with other molecules and produce new radicals	propagation	0%
all loading and unloading is done through the ____ at the top of the tank	protective housing	0%
this is where the oxygen atom donates both bonding electrons to a ____	proton	0%
____ have charge +1 and mass 1	protons	0%
electrons in atoms only exist in definite energy levels. the certain definite quantities of energy are called ____	quanta	0%
all of these energies are ____	quantised	0%
haloalkanes are formed by a ____ halogenation mechanism	radical	0%
it can also react with gaseous HBr but this involves a ____	radical addition	0%
atoms or molecules with at least one unpaired electron	radicals	0%
(2) bonds in the ____ molecules are weakened and break	reactant	0%
radicals are ____ because filled electron shells are more stable than unfilled ones	reactive	0%
(3) large amounts of purple gaseous iodine are made if a ____ is plunged into gaseous iodide	red hot needle	0%
this is a ____ reaction	redox	0%
____ is a safe method for heating volatile and flammable liquids	reflux	0%
the HO2 radicals then react with oxygen atoms to ____ the hydroxyl radicals	reform	0%
the Cl and Br radicals are ____ so a single Cl can remove about 1 million ozone molecules	reformed	0%
you can ____ the surface of a poisoned catalyst	regenerate	0%
mass of an element's atom relative to carbon-12	relative atomic mass/Ar	0%
this means atoms arrange themselves to minimise ____	repulsion	0%
chlorine is toxic and irritates the eyes, skin and ____	respiratory system	0%
platinum and ____ are used in catalytic converters rather than cheaper metals	rhodium	0%
stereoisomers form because the carbon-carbon double bond cannot ____ due to the overlap of p orbitals	rotate	0%
(2) ____ of the whole molecule	rotation	0%
a ____ ensures that air displaced from the bulk trailer has chlorine removed from it	scrubber unit	0%
pollutants formed by chemical reactions of primary pollutants	secondary	0%
alcohols with an -OH bonded to a carbon bonded to two other carbon atoms	secondary	0%
(4) iodine is a ____	shiny grey black solid	0%
photodissocation of a stronger bond requires higher energy (____ wavelength) light than a weaker bond	shorter	0%
(2) ____ occurring and producing unwanted by-products	side reactions	0%
single bond, so called due to the overlap of s orbitals	sigma	0%
adding nitric acid and silver nitrate to an aqueous solution of a halide precipitates a ____	silver halide	0%
this is because fluorine atoms are the ____ so the attraction between the nucleus and the outer shell is the greatest	smallest	0%
the scrubber unit has ____ solution that reacts with the chlorine to produce sodium chlorate (I)	sodium hydroxide	0%
usually, heterogeneous catalysis involves a mixture of gases and liquids reacting in the presence of a ____ catalyst	solid	0%
____ catalysts are used as a finely divided form or as a fine wire mesh to maximise this	solid	0%
ionic compounds are typically ____ at room temperature, have a 3D lattice structure and often form regular crystals	solids	0%
they become less ____ as the hydrocarbon chain becomes longer and the influence of the OH group decreases	soluble	0%
the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1K	specific heat capacity	0%
ions that don't take part in the reaction	spectator ions	0%
an s orbital is ____	spherical	0%
electrons are transferred from the metal to the non-metal atoms, often giving both a ____ electronic structure	stable	0%
NO and NO2 are both radicals but are unusual because they are quite ____	stable	0%
298K, 101kPa, concentration 1 mol dm^-3 for solutions - these are called ____ conditions	standard	0%
the enthalpy change when molar quantities of reactants react together under standard conditions	standard enthalpy change	0%
the enthalpy change that occurs when one mole of a substance is burnt completely in oxygen under standard conditions	standard enthalpy change of combustion	0%
the enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements under standard conditions	standard enthalpy change of formation	0%
the enthalpy change when one mole of hydrogen ions react with one mole of hydroxide ions to form one mole of water under standard conditions	standard enthalpy change of neutralisation	0%
the end point can be identified by adding ____ solution	starch	0%
the tanks are made and lined with ____	steel	0%
same structural formula, different arrangement of atoms in space	stereoisomerism	0%
balanced equations	stochiometric	0%
the destruction of ozone in the ____ by chlorine and bromine is homogeneous catalysis	stratosphere	0%
apart from HF they are ____ acids (almost 100% dissociation for HCl, HBr and HI)	strong	0%
phenols and carboxylic acids react with ____ bases to produce ionic salts but only carboxylic acids can react with weak bases	strong	0%
you can use nucleophilic substitution to produce a haloalkane from an alcohol in the presence of a ____	strong acid	0%
same molecular formula, atoms bonded together in a different order	structural isomerism	0%
iodine ____ to give purple vapour on heating	sublimes	0%
sometimes this is caused by a nucleophile attacking the partially positive carbon atom, causing a ____ reaction	substitution	0%
(3) barium, calcium, lead and silver ____	sulfates	0%
biodiesel contains virtually no ____ and produces less CO, particulates and hydrocarbons than petrol and diesel	sulfur	0%
this is because cheaper metals are vulnerable to poisoning by trace ____ in the car exhaust	sulfur dioxide	0%
____ reacts with water in the atmosphere to form sulfuric (IV) acid	sulfur dioxide	0%
for both petrol and diesel engines, ____ is best avoided by using low sulfur fuels	sulfur dioxide	0%
the bromide ions are also strong enough reducing agents to reduce sulfuric acid to ____	sulfur dioxide	0%
in the laboratory, ethene can be converted to ethanol by first adding concentrated ____	sulfuric acid	0%
burning of sulfur-containing fuels. acid raid, toxic gas	sulfur oxides	0%
sulfur dioxide can be oxidised to ____ which reacts with water to form sulfuric (VI) acid	sulfur trioxide	0%
a molecule with polar bonds can have no overall dipole if one charge is ____ on the other (e.g. tetrachloromethane)	superimposed	0%
a catalyst should have a large ____ for contact with reactants	surface area	0%
everything else	surroundings	0%
both esters are used to reduce pain and ____	swelling/inflammation	0%
the reactants and products of a reaction	system	0%
(4) changes in ____ and pressure if the reaction is an equilibrium system	temperature	0%
energy = specific heat capacity x mass x ____ change	temperature	0%
regeneration of the catalyst is accomplished by periodically increasing the ____	temperature	0%
therefore Kc will not change provided ____ is constant	temperature	0%
(3) two radicals collide, removing them from the reaction	termination	0%
alcohols with an -OH bonded to a carbon bonded to three other carbon atoms	tertiary	0%
expected amount of product in a reaction carried out under ideal conditions	theoretical yield	0%
this then undergoes ____ to give chloroethane and hydrogen chloride	thermal cracking	0%
the change in ____ of the carbonates is due to charge density of the cations	thermal stability	0%
____ of the hydrogen halides decreases down the group because bond strength decreases	thermal stability	0%
in petrol engines: a ____ catalytic converter is used	three-way	0%
reaction of fats and oils with alcohols to produce fatty acid esters	trans-esterification	0%
the d block is the ____	transition metals	0%
many heterogeneous catalysts are ____	transition metals	0%
the highest point on the pathway where old bonds stretch and new ones start to form	transition state	0%
a molecule has energy associated with several aspects of its behaviour including (1) the molecule moving around	translation	0%
ethene is ____	trigonal planar	0%
homolytic fission of haloalkanes occurs in the stratosphere when exposed to ____	ultraviolet radiation	0%
they all have 7 ____ electrons and abundance decreases down the group	valence/outer shell	0%
you can determine the shape of a molecule by ____	valence shell electron pair repulsion theory/VSEPR	0%
factors that can reduce amount of product produced include: (1) loss of product from reaction ____	vessels	0%
(3) ____ of the bonds	vibration	0%
(3) iodine is ____	violet	0%
liquids with hydrogen bonding have high ____ (flow requires breaking and reformation of intermolecular bonds which is harder with stronger bonds)	viscosity	0%
cars cannot run on ethanol alone as it's too ____	volatile	0%
compounds that come from unburnt fuel. cause photochemical smog	volatile organic compounds/VOCs	0%
biodiesel can be made from ____	waste oil	0%
they also do not usually dissolve readily in ____	water	0%
acid + base/alkali => salt + ____	water	0%
many ionic substances dissolve readily in ____	water	0%
it can also act as an acid, donating H+ and becoming a ____ molecule	water	0%
here, energy in a reaction is transferred from a reaction vessel to the surrounding ____	water	0%
alkanes mix well with each other but do not mix with ____ because they are non-polar	water	0%
this can then be diluted with ____ to form the ethanol	water	0%
nitrogen oxide + ammonia + oxygen => nitrogen + ____	water	0%
combustion of hydrogen produces only ____	water	0%
chlorine has many uses such as in ____ treatment and in bleach products	water	0%
HCl can be converted to hydrochloric acid if passed through ____	water	0%
substances with hydrogen bonding are often ____-soluble as hydrogen bonds can form between solute and solvent	water	0%
water fitted regularly within the crystals of some ionic lattices	water of crystallisation	0%
____ theory of light: light is a form of electromagnetic radiation and so behaves as a wave with a wavelength and frequency	wave	0%
infrared spectroscopy: substances are exposed to infrared radiation and their bonds absorb different ____	wavelengths	0%
equal to 1/wavelength, unit recorded on an infrared spectrum	wavenumber	0%
precipitate colour of silver nitrate + nitric acid + halide ion: (1) chloride	white	0%
barium chloride + sulfate ions forms a ____ precipitate	white	0%
you can see ____ of hydrogen chloride as HCl gas meets moist air	white fumes	0%
larger alkanes, n=17+, are ____	white waxy solids	0%
catalytic cracking uses a ____ catalyst (contains aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide) and temperatures about 550C	zeolite	0%
both of the two heaviest groups are on the same side of the molecule	Z stereoisomer	0%

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