|
Prelude to WWI
|
|
At the dawn of the 20th century Europe found itself in a precarious situation. Six Great Powers and their alliances dominated the continent, in a fragile state of balance, called "the Concert of Europe", to avoid any single Country gaining too much power for itself. This delicate scenario (as it was at the end of the 19th century) was the masterwork of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who played other Powers against each other to his own benefit.
|
|
|
|
Along with his own Country, Germany, only unified in 1871, he
|
|
managed to secure an alliance with two other Great Powers, Italy
|
|
which fought at Prussia's side in the Bruderkrieg of 1866, and
|
|
Austria-Hungary, a declining Empire which faced rising tensions
|
|
due to the various nationalities inside their borders which demanded independence, seemingly only held together by the austere figure of their aging Emperor, Franz Joseph.
|
|
|
|
The other main European Alliance was the so-called "Dual Entente" between France, one of the very few republics on the continent,
|
|
rancourous after its defeat during the Franco-Prussian War, and
|
|
Russia, which featured the highest population in Europe, impressive year-by-year economic growth and limitless resources, but also an
|
|
authoritarian and corrupt government under tsar Nicholas II.
|
|
|
|
The remaining Power was the United Kingdom, a tired titan, standing on a throne that increasingly felt uncomfortable: it owned the greatest Empire the world had ever known but chose "splendid isolation" over mainstream European affairs, only swearing to uphold the balance of power in the continent, for example by defending the independence
|
|
of smaller Countries, like Belgium, against the hunger of bigger rivals. These Great Powers carved the world into colonies, protectorates and Dominions, armed themselves with the most advanced military technology (such as planes, machine guns and Dreadnoughts) and looked at each other with suspicion, knowing that each crisis, each slip meant one step closer to the possibility of a Great War, tilting the balance irreparably.
|
|
|
|
And the crises came. For example, in the Sultanate of Morocco, where French and German ambitions clashed for a protectorate over the Arab monarchy, during the Fashoda incident, which nearly saw the breakout
|
|
of a war between France and their rivals over the Channel, or with the
|
|
humiliating defeat of Russia in their 1905 war against Japan, which almost saw the rise of a socialist revolution in the Empire.
|
|
|
|
Yet, the tipping point would come from the Balkan Peninsula, the powder-keg of Europe. The Ottoman Empire, sometimes referred as the "sick man" of
|
|
the continent, had lost most of its European territory during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and was on the verge of collapse.
|
|
Meanwhile, these newly independent countries, such as Bulgaria or
|
|
Albania were politically unstable and influence upon them was bitterly contested between the other Great Powers: another big incident in the region would have been enough to spark a chain reaction that would have plunged Europe into a bloody Great War.
|
|
|
|
Sure enough, on the 28th of June 1914, a Bosnian nationalist assassinated in Sarajevo Archduke Franz Ferdinand, leading Austria-Hungary to launch
|
|
an ultimatum to Serbia, which was believed to be the real mastermind of the plot, followed by a direct invasion of the small Kingdom. Rapidly, this
|
|
escalated into the July crisis, which forced Russia and their western ally
|
|
France to enter the war, followed by, over the course of less than a year, all other Great Powers.
The world was irreparably changed...
|