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Analytical and Argumentation Words
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Answer
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something that naturally follows
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Corollary
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a statement or idea assumed to be true
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Premise
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to disprove an argument or statement
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Refute
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a point that someone argues for
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Contention
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to admit as true, often reluctantly
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Concede
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counterargument or reply to refute a point
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Rebuttal
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a conclusion drawn from evidence
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Inference
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to support with proof or evidence
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Substantiate
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seemingly reasonable or probable
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Plausible
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a universally accepted principle or truth
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Axiom
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a statement that is opposite to another
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Contradiction
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a statement that seems contradictory but may be true
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Paradox
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superficially plausible, but wrong
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Specious
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consistent and logical
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Coherent
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reasoning from specific cases to general conclusions
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Inductive
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reasoning from general principles to specific cases
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Deductive
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a mistaken belief, often based on unsound reasoning
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Fallacy
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dependent on something else
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Contingent
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a method of argument for resolving disagreement
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Dialectic
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to make clear; explain
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Elucidate
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Precision and Clarity
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Answer
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having more than one interpretation
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Ambiguous
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clear, leaving no doubt
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Unequivocal
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having subtle differences in meaning
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Nuanced
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briefly and clearly expressed
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Succinct
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expressed clearly; easy to understand
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Lucid
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giving a lot of information clearly in a few words
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Concise
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able to express thoughts clearly and effectively
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Articulate
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clear, logical, and convincing
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Cogent
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overly concerned with minor details or rules
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Pedantic
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using more words than necessary
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Verbose
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brief and to the point
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Terse
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sweet or pleasant to hear
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Mellifluous
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Complexity and Depth
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Answer
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having many aspects or sides
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Multifaceted
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very detailed or complex
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Intricate
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extremely complex and difficult to follow
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Byzantine
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extremely complex and difficult to follow
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Convoluted
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very deep; having great knowledge or insight
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Profound
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the combination of ideas to form a theory or system
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Synthesis
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difficult to understand
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Abstruse
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intended for or understood by only a small number of people
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Esoteric
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to deliberately make something unclear or confusing
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Obfuscate
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complicated and twisting
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Labyrinthine
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using fallacious arguments, especially to deceive
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Sophistry
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Rhetorical and Persuasion Techniques
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Answer
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the art of persuasive speaking or writing
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Rhetoric
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fluent or persuasive speaking or writing
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Eloquence
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a short, amusing or interesting story
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Anecdote
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an indirect reference to something
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Allusion
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a strong verbal or written attack
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Polemic
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exaggerated statements not meant to be taken literally
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Hyperbole
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a mild or indirect word substituted for a harsher one
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Euphemism
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a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning
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Allegory
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an attack on a person’s character rather than their argument
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Ad hominem
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misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to attack
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Straw man
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arguing that a small first step will lead to a chain of related events
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Slippery slope
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a distraction from the real issue
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Red herring
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referencing an authority figure to bolster an argument
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Appeal to authority
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Emotional and Psychological Appeal
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Answers
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appealing to emotions
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Pathos
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appealing to ethics or credibility
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Ethos
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appealing to logic
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Logos
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the ability to understand and share the feelings of another
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Empathy
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feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else’s misfortune
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Sympathy
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unwilling or refusing to change one’s views or agree
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Intransigent
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stubbornly adhering to established principles
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Dogmatic
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filled with or showing great emotion
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Impassioned
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showing or feeling no interest or concern
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Apathetic
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showing a feeling of patronizing superiority
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Condescending
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generous or forgiving, especially towards a rival or someone less powerful
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Magnanimous
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Philosophical Concepts
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Answer
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the study of knowledge and justified belief
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Epistemology
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the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being
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Ontology
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the explanation of phenomena by the purpose they serve
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Teleology
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the study of the nature of duty and obligation
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Deontology
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the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful for the benefit of the majority
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Utilitarianism
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the rejection of all religious and moral principles
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Nihilism
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a philosophy that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice
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Existentialism
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the idea that all events are determined by previously existing causes
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Determinism
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the idea that points of view have no absolute truth or validity
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Relativism
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the philosophical idea that only one’s mind is sure to exist
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Solipsism
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Social and Political Concepts
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Answer
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leadership or dominance by one group over others
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Hegemony
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a small group of people having control over a country or organization
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Oligarchy
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political activities that claim to represent the views of the ordinary people
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Populism
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a system in which advancement is based on individual ability or achievement
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Meritocracy
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a system of government by one person with absolute power
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Autocracy
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government by the wealthy
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Plutocracy
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a system of society or government controlled by men
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Patriarchy
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relating to a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial
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Totalitarian
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a political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular desires and prejudices
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Demagogue
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a system of government in which most decisions are made by state officials
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Bureaucracy
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Scientific and Technical Terms
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Answers
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based on observation or experiment rather than theory
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Empirical
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to confirm or give support to (a statement, theory, or finding).
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Corroborate
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able to be disproven by experimental or observational evidence
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Falsifiable
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enabling someone to discover or learn something for themselves
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Heuristic
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a model or example; a typical pattern of something
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Paradigm
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something that deviates from the standard, normal, or expected
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Anomaly
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the interaction of elements that when combined produce a total effect greater than the sum of the individual elements
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Synergy
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representing the most perfect or typical example of something
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Quintessential
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relating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity of something
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Quantitative
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relating to, measuring, or measured by the quality of something
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Qualitative
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Legal and Ethical Vocabulary
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Answer
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an earlier event or action regarded as an example
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Precedent
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the process of taking legal action
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Litigation
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the official power to make legal decisions and judgments
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Jurisdiction
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the state of being responsible for something
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Liability
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to free from blame
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Exonerate
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the process of resolving a dispute outside the courts
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Arbitration
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conformity to the law or to rules
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Legitimacy
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fair treatment through the judicial system
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Due process
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unable to be taken away or given away
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Inalienable
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the restoration of something lost or stolen to its proper owner
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Restitution
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Time and Causality
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Answer
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something that comes before
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Antecedent
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coming after something in time
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Subsequent
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happening at the same time
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Concurrent
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the relationship between cause and effect
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Causality
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the arrangement of events in time
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Chronology
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a temporary or provisional arrangement
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Interim
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never ending or changing
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Perpetual
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lasting only for a short time
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Transient
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occurring in cycles
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Cyclical
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something that precedes another and influences its development
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Precursor
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