Jiang Zemin's China: 1989-2002

On June 4th, 1989, the Communist party cracked down on student protests held in this part of Beijing

As a result of his opposition to the use of force against the protests in favor of a moderate approach, this influential reformer within the party was purged from his position of General Secretary and placed under house arrest until his death in 2005

In need of a new General Secretary, party elders decided on Jiang Zemin who was seen as a compromise candidate between the reformists and the conservatives within the party. This was because during his service in this position in Shanghai, Jiang called for continued economic reforms while concurrently stifling student dissent in Shanghai in 1989

Soon after assuming his position, Jiang began to support initiating conservative economic policies in line with the beliefs of this influential party elder

In 1992, unsatisfied with China's unwillingness to pursue continued reform and opening, this Chinese elder, who was Paramount Leader of the country during the previous decade began to voice disapproval towards the party leadership

The above then went on this tour of the Special Economic Zones in Guangdong province, giving many speeches extolling the benefits of economic reform. Although this trip was not originally covered by Chinese news outlets, it eventually gained enough momentum to motivate the Chinese leadership to change course in their economic policies

As the above elder began to withdraw from politics, Jiang needed a more reliable support base to maintain power in the government. As a result, throughout the decade, he began appointing many of his supporters to high positions within the government. As the majority of them worked with Jiang prior to Tiananmen, these supporters were said to be informally known to be part of this faction

The most prominent member of the above faction who was instrumental in consolidating Jiang's power in the leadership

Jiang also abolished this government body which served as a way for party elders to offer advice to the China's leadership in order to decrease the ability for them to meddle in government policies

However, this party elder and president of China began to consolidate his power within the military, which threatened Jiang position of Paramount Leader. However, with the help of a retired Deng Xiaoping, this man was forced to retire from his positions in 1993

In place of the above, this admiral was installed as the new vice chairman of the central military commission, acting as a supporter of Jiang and as Deng's new informer in military affairs. He would be the last military personal to be on the Politburo Standing Committee after he resigned in 1997

Lacking military experience, Jiang was not originally popular with military leaders, as a result he began to expand this paramilitary organization within the government in order to decrease the power of the military in handling domestic unrest

In addition, Jiang overhauled this intelligence ministry, increasing its power in handling corruption cases and maintaining order in the country

As Jiang began to gain power in the government, this Beijing Party boss and leader of the "Beijing Clique" began to challenge Jiang's position. However, after being implicated in a corruption scandal in 1995, he was expelled from the party and imprisoned until 2004

In economics, Jiang called for China to move towards this type of economy, an idea that was previously expounded upon by Deng Xiaoping

This first ranking vice premier from 1993-1998 and later premier from 1998-2003 was man responsible for managing China's economy under Jiang's tenure as Paramount Leader

The current premier, whose influence in the party decreased after his opposition to economic reforms in the three years after 1989 and partly due to suffering a heart attack in 1993

Spearheaded by the premier, this massive infrastructure initiative began construction in 1994. In involved building a large dam over the Yangtze river in Hubei province

Originally initialized in 1991 after the fallout from the 1989 protests, this campaign resumed at a larger scale starting in 1994. It involves reforming the education of China to be along more nationalistic and patriotic lines

In addition, Jiang also supported this concept in which advocated for a China that embraced the economic and technological advances of the West, but still embraced the cultural traditions of China such as Confucianism. This concept was formed as China's leaders did not want the Chinese populace to openly embrace Western concepts such as Individualism and Materialism which would challenge the party

Jiang then attempted to reform these types of government entities which managed commercial activities in China. Some of the reforms included corporatizing these entities as well as allowing smaller, unprofitable ones to no longer be managed by the state

Jiang attempted to address the perceived inequalities of growth between the costal and interior provinces of China in this program as the interior provinces such as Gansu and Qinhai were growing on a much slower scale than coastal provinces such as Guangdong and Fujian

In the late 1990s, a massive smuggling ring was exposed within this Special Economic Zone. It is estimated that around 10 billion US dollars worth of goods were smuggled

The reported mastermind of the above and considered China's "most wanted fugitive", he managed to initially escape prosecution by fleeing to Canada, until he was arrested and deported back to China. He was then given a sentence of life imprisonment in 2012

In 1997, this massive economic crisis hit East and Southeastern Asia. However, due to the effective policies of the first vice premier and Jiang, China was able to maintain economic stability unlike most of the countries affected

In 1998, Jiang curbed the power of the military further by attempting to curtail army-run businesses that produced these goods

At the 15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Jiang lowered the retirement age to this in order to remove some of his rivals from the government and in order to prevent China's future leadership from being filled with extremely old party members like during the 1980s

As a result, this influential party member and Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress had to retire in 1998. He was seen as a rival to Jiang's role of Paramount Leader

Jiang launched this campaign in order to strengthen discipline within the party and to consolidate his own power within the government. It involved forcing party members to engage in practices similar to the ones prevalent in Mao Zedong's time such as self criticism and political study groups

In 1998, the flooding of this river caused the worst flood in Southern China in 40 years. As a result, China's environmental policies were reconsidered as the government was more concerned with economic growth over environmental damage

In 1999, after this religious sect began to gain popularity within China, Jiang implemented a ban on it, resulting in its followers being persecuted by the government in a crackdown. Today, they are known for exposing conservative and far-right views in the Epoch Times newspaper and for their dance troupe Shen Yun

The founder and leader of the above who escaped arrest due to being in the United States at the time of the banning. He has maintained a low profile since 2000 and has not made many public appearances

In 1999, the first unmanned spaceship designed for humans was launched by the China Manned Space Program. It would not be until 2003 that the first spaceship carrying a human would be launched

In 2000, Jiang announced this policy, which encouraged China's enterprises to invest overseas

With corruption still rampant throughout China, Jiang attempted in 2001 to crack down on it in this campaign

In 2000, Jiang Zemin introduced this concept, which later became known as Jiang's theoretical contribution to the party. It would later be written into the party constitution in 2002 and the state constitution in 2004

The first part of the above requires the party to "Represent the development trend of China's ________ __________ ______ "

The second part required the party to "Represent the orientation of China's ________ _______"

And the last part required the party to "Represent the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the _______ ______"

This theory led to many internal debates within the party as it was seen as a way to justify giving party membership to this class of people, which was seen as antithetical to Communism

Although retired from party positions, this conservative party elder sent a open letter to the leadership denouncing Jiang's political theory

In 2002, Jiang stepped down from his positions of General Secretary and President of China, handing them to this man, who would be paramount leader of China until 2012. In 1992, he was originally chosen by Deng Xiaoping to succeed Jiang

In addition to being able secure many of his supporters to the Central Committee, Jiang was also able to get this party veteran's resignation from party positions. This man was seen as one of the more liberal reformers in the late years of the Deng Xiaoping era and throughout Jiang's leadership. This made him a rival to Jiang

However, Jiang did not fully retire from politics. Until 2005, Jiang still served as the chairman of this board within the military, meaning that he still held influence in major political decisions

The 1989 protests hurt China's relationship with Western Countries, especially this superpower, which China needed in order to continue its economic reforms

In 1992, formal diplomatic relations were established with this East Asian country, who was originally considered one of China's enemies during the Cold War

As a result of the above and the multiple nuclear weapons crises involving this country starting in 1994, China's relations with it began to become strained

In 1993, this Chinese Container Ship was detained by the United States in route to Iran as it was accused of transporting materials for chemical weapons to the country. After being detained for 24 days in international waters and after being inspected by a joint Saudi-American team, it was concluded that the ship did not contain the alleged materials

In 1995, this Taiwanese president visited Cornell University in the United States, being the first sitting president of Taiwan ever to visit the United States. This increased tension between China, Taiwan, and the United States

In the United States, the above expressed his support for an independent Taiwan, which went against this Chinese policy that stated there is only one China and that Taiwan is a part of China

This was the catalyst for this incident in which China launched multiple missiles the vicinity of Taiwan in 1995. Later in 1996, after the above Taiwanese president was re-elected in Taiwan's first democratic elections, China resumed its bombardment. In both times, the United States deployed naval ships to intimidate China

In 1997, after being negotiated in advance throughout the 1980s, this former British colony was handed back to China after being occupied by British forces in 1841 during the First Opium War

In 1999, during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, the United States bombed this Chinese building leading to a diplomatic incident between the two countries with China saying the bombing was deliberate and the United States saying it was an accident. This incident further fueled anti-American sentiments in China

This Portuguese colony was returned to China in 1999 after being controlled by Portugal since 1557, when the country was given a trading post lease by the Ming dynasty

This incident occurred in 2001 when a United States spy plane collided with a Chinese Air Force plane. The incident ended with the United States issuing an ambiguously worded letter which was used by both sides to justify their viewpoints on the incident without further arguments

Relations with the United States improved in 2001 after Jiang expressed condolences for those who were harmed during this terrorist attack orchestrated by Al-Qaeda

This resulted in cooperation between the United States and China in fighting this globally

China was awarded to host this famous sporting event in 2008 after beating out multiple competitors in 2001

After lengthy negotiations, economic reforms, and improved relations with Western Countries, China was admitted to this intergovernmental organization in 2001

This type of trading status between the United States and China was finally made permanent in 2001

China's relationship began to improve with this neighboring country. Known as the Soviet Union prior to 1991, this country had hostile relations with China for most of the Cold War