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Establishing a New China: 1949-1957
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On October 1st, 1949, the People's Republic of China was proclaimed in Beijing with this man as the new leader of the country, although there was still fighting with Nationalist remnants in Southern China and Chiang Kai-Shek did not retreat from the mainland until December.
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Mao Zedong
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At the end of the Civil War, the Communist Party established a "United Front" system with smaller non-Communist political parties in order to promote the image of unity within China. As a result, this organ within the government was established for these minor political parties to voice their views in the government although overall political power still rested with the Communist Party
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Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
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The CPPCC passed this document in 1949 which defined the country as a new democratic one that would follow the principles of People's Democratic Dictatorship. Under these principles, the document stated that the country's primary objective is to root out feudalistic, imperialist, and bureaucratic capitalistic elements throughout China
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The Common Program
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From 1949-1953, the Party focussed its efforts on this problem as the majority of land was in the hands of wealthy landlords and rich peasants. However, resistance by landlords to adopt the reforms caused the Party to adopt less tolerant policies, leading to a more successful distribution of land and the deaths of thousands of landlords
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Land Reform
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Another major problem concerning the government concerned this economic indicator, which was extremely high as a result of high government spending and other poor economic policies of the Nationalist government. By the early 1950s this problem was significantly reduced
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Inflation
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In 1949, the Communist Party only firmly held control in parts of Northern and Central China. As a result, the government divided the country excluding Tibet and Inner Mongolia into 6 of these types of regions, with 4 of them being placed under military control. In 1954 they were abolished
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Greater Administrative Regions
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In 1950, this law was passed with the intention of ending traditional practices such as forced marriages and concubinage. As a result, this increased the amount of rights women could have under the new government
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New Marriage Law
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Throughout the 1950s, a group of Chinese linguists developed this new romanization system of Chinese to replace the Wade-Giles system of the 19th century. In 1958, the government approved this new system to be used to teach Chinese pronunciation, however it would not be widely used until the 1980s
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Hanyu Pinyin
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In 1950, the People's Liberation Army drove out the Nationalists from this island near Guangdong province, annexing it the country
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Hainan
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From 1950-1953, the Party launched this campaign with the intention of destroying opposition elements which consisted of people formerly associated with the Guomindang and others who were thought to oppose the Party. This resulted in around 500,000 to up to 2 million executions
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Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
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After declaring independence from China during the Xinhai Revolution, this western part of China was annexed in 1951 after negotiations and a short invasion. Ethnic conflict would continue to persist in this autonomous region, with riots occurring in 1959 and from 1987-1989
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Tibet
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In 1951, this mass campaign was launched with the intention of imposing anti-corruption, anti-waste, and anti-bureaucratism within the government which included Party members, people with past associations with the Guomindang, and non-Party members
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Three Antis Campaign
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In 1952, this subsequent mass campaign was launched with the intention of removing the private property throughout China. It targeted the proposed corruption in the private sector of China's economy in order to weaken capitalists
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Five Antis Campaign
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In 1952, this man, who was a key economic figure within the Party proposed a new tax system that would be more favorable to capitalist elements within China. As a result, he was criticized and removed as Finance Minister. However, he would still have a prominent place in China's economic policy until the he was purged in the Cultural Revolution
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Bo Yibo
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In 1954, this man committed suicide after reportedly attempting to usurp Liu Shaoqi and Zhou Enlai from their prominent positions in the government. Prior to 1954, he headed the Northeastern Administrative Region until 1952, where he was subsequently promoted to head of the State Planning Commission
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Gao Gang
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This Minister of the Organizational Department of the Communist Party was put into an anti-party clique and purged due to his alleged association with the above due to his criticism of An Ziwen, a Liu Shaoqi supporter
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Rao Shushi
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On September 20th, 1954, the Party ratified this document, which outlines the basic law and governance of the country. It would be revised multiple times, with the last revision to it being in 2018.
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The Constitution
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The Party began to organize peasants into these organizations in the first step towards the collectivization of China's agriculture.This simple unit of collectivization involved forming small groups of peasants that would work together, but it lacked the simple principles of a cooperative
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Mutual Aid Teams
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By 1955, Mao declared the "High Tide" of collectivization and pushed for collectivization to be done at a faster pace. Although some of them were already formed prior to 1955, by 1958, most of China's agricultural sector was organized into this unit of collectivization
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Agricultural Producer Cooperatives
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As head of the Central Rural Work Department, this Party official advocated for a more gradual approach to the implementation of collectivization in agriculture, leading him to be at odds with Mao. This culminated in him being criticized by Mao as a "Rightist" and demoted, but he was not actually purged until the Cultural Revolution
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Deng Zihui
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In 1955, the Party created and adopted its first economic plan, which is named this. It was heavily inspired from the economic policies of the Soviet Union and although it contributed to economic growth within China, it was less successful in the agricultural sector.
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First Five Year Plan
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For most of the period 1949-1966, this man dominated the economic sector of the government as its leading specialist. After pursuing a less active role during the Cultural Revolution to avoid the fate of other leaders, he returned to a leading role in the 1970s, being one of the most dominant voices in the Party until his death in 1995
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Chen Yun
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In 1956, Mao outlined in this speech the ways in which China can develop itself as a Socialist power independently of the Soviet Union. Mao gave this speech to signal his disillusionment with policies of the Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev and the policies being used the develop the Chinese economy
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Ten Great Relationships
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At the 8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, this political concept representing Mao Zedong's ideas was removed from the constitution. However, it was brought back in a later revision. The name Maoism was not the official term used due to it being disliked by Mao
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Mao Zedong Thought
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Assuming that the country's intellectuals would support him and provide the government with criticism that could be used to improve the country. However, Chinese intellectuals responded with harsh criticisms of Party rule instead of what Mao hoped for
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Hundred Flowers Campaign
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Seeing that his campaign was a failure, Mao tried to save face by launching this in order to purge the same intellectuals that criticized the Party and him. This allowed Mao to continue with his policy of achieving rapid economic growth quickly through mass mobilization campaigns without the criticism from specialists
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Anti-Rightist Campaign
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Mao criticized the Party for opposing this economic policy in favor of slowing down China's economic growth and its transition to Socialism. This criticism further silenced any opposition to Mao's economic policies
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Rash Advance
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Disaster and Recovery: 1958-1966
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With intellectuals silenced and with the majority of Party supporting Mao in his belief that the mass mobilization of China's population could achieve tremendous economic growth, this campaign was launched
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The Great Leap Forward
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Feeling that his attempt to push for faster collectivization was hindered in the period 1955-1956 by economic specialists in the Party who wanted to move at a slower pace, Mao made it one of his primary goals to make collective most of China without many restraints. This involved placing thousands of people into this administrative unit in order to maximize production
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People's Communes
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Due to the worsening rift between the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union decided to pull back many of its people who served in this role in China in order to help the government with economic development. The withdrawal of these people led to a decrease in the amount of technical expertise that China could draw upon for its economic policies
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Technical Advisors
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Boasting that the campaign could greatly increase China's production in steel, Mao encouraged for these primitive types of steel furnaces to be formed all over the countryside and run by peasants. However, due to the crude materials used to make both the furnaces and the steel and due to the peasants lacking experience, the majority of the steel produced was useless
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Backyard Steel Furnaces
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Mao also wanted to increase the standard of living by killing these animals and insects that were considered harmful to food production. Although this included rats, flies, and mosquitos, the misguided targeting of sparrows worsened the development of food as the sparrows were the ones that ate bugs that were harmful to crops
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Four Pests Campaign
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Mao also wanted to improve China's infrastructure, leading to the creation of dozens of these poorly made structures along rivers. In 1975, a major typhoon would cause most of them to collapse
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Dams
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Met with unrealistic growth targets, local cadres throughout the country had to do this to their official reports in order to make it seem like the production quotas were exceeding their original goals
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Fabrication
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This type of disaster afflicted China as a result of diverting the peasant's attention from agriculture, low level cadre corruption through hoarding food stores and over-exaggerating food quotas, and lack of Soviet aid. It was estimated around 40-50 million people died as a result of this disaster
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Famine
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In 1959, at the Lushan conference to discuss the campaign, this Marshal sent a private letter to Mao complaining about the deficiencies of the campaign. Offended by the remarks, Mao circulated the letter to members of the conference and launched an attack against the Marshal
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Peng Dehuai
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In addition to just the Marshal, three other Party members were purged as part of rightist clique although the alleged association between them and the Marshal was mainly fabricated. The other people purged include the Chief of Staff of the army, a Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs and prior General Secretary of the Party, and the Party Secretary of Hunan
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Huang Kecheng | Zhang Wentian | Zhou Xiaozhou
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In 1962, after many people died from starvation as a result of the campaign, this conference was convened in order to discuss the failures of the campaign and how to recover from them. It was declared by the government that majority of the mistakes are contributed to the Party center and not due to natural disasters
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Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
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By 1962, Mao retreated to this position, signaling that he ready to become less involved in state affairs. However, after becoming worried that his colleagues might undo his vision of a Socialist China after his disastrous campaign, Mao began to have second thoughts and began maneuvering behind the scenes to regain his dominant position
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The Second Line
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In 1959, Mao resigned the State Chairmanship to this man, who was the second most powerful person in the government. Over time, Mao would begin to view him as a "Chinese Khrushchev" due to his attempts to under the policies of Mao's previous campaign, culminating in his purge during the Cultural Revolution
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Liu Shaoqi
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In the period 1962-1965, the above collaborated heavily with this man, who held the position of General Secretary of the Party Secretariat, as well as Economic planner Chen Yun, in order to stabilize China's economy by undoing many of the policies of the Great Leap
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Deng Xiaoping
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One of the major reforms in agriculture was allowing Peasants to farm their own plots of land, which was previously forbidden under the collectivization system. Later during the 1980s, this policy was implemented on a larger scale in order to fully de-collectivize the countryside
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Household Responsibility System
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Replacing Peng as the Minister of Defense, this Marshal began to reform the military to be more in line with Mao's ideas, leading to reforms such as abolishment of army ranks, increased study of Mao's political theory, and emphasis on guerrilla tactics
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Lin Biao
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China successfully detonated this type of weapon in 1964 in order to present itself as a world power and to oppose the Soviet Union's talks with the United States over arms control, which Mao saw as a way to weaken China
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Nuclear Weapons
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With Mao's worsening relations with the Soviet Union and with the United State's intervention in Vietnam, Mao pushed for this policy, which involved moving China's major infrastructure away from the coastline in case a war would break out
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The Third Front
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This campaign was started by Mao to root out reactionary elements and to make party members closer to the people. However, the central government used this instead to criticize ultra-leftism and corruption in the Rural sector that resulted from the policies of the Great Leap Forward
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Socialist Education Movement
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The Cultural Revolution: 1966-1976
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This play, written by the vice-mayor of Beijing, Wu Han about this Ming Dynasty official who criticized the tyrannical emperor was denounced as a allegory of Peng Dehuai's purge as a result of his criticism of Mao's Great Leap Forward
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Hai Rui Dismissed From Office
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This man authored the criticism of Wu Han's play. He would end up becoming a leading politician in China during the Cultural Revolution as was one of the members of the ultra-leftist Gang of Four
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Yao Wenyuan
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Defending Wu Han, the Party Secretary of Beijing published this document, which declared that the play had no political context and was merely an academic piece
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February Outline
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This ally of the Party Secretary of Beijing, Minister of Culture, and Director of the Propaganda Department was purged due to his support of the above document and because of his support of the Party Secretary. In addition, his character was also attacked when his wife was accused of allegedly sent letters accusing the Minister of National Defense's wife of being unfaithful
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Lu Dingyi
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This man, who was the Party Secretary of Beijing, was purged by Mao due to his leadership of the Five Man Group, which drafted the above document limiting the debate of the play to be academic. This opposed both Mao's beliefs to put politics above everything and Mao's decision to criticize Wu Han's play
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Peng Zhen
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This Chief of the Joint Staff of the Central Military Commission was purged due to his reluctance to politicize the army with Mao Zedong thought and because he was seen as a rival to the Minister of National Defense
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Luo Ruiqing
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The Director of the General Office, which is in charge of internal communications within the central government was purged for allegedly wiretapping Mao's private residences and trains and for be labeled as a supporter of Liu Shaoqi
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Yang Shangkun
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The chief of Mao's bodyguard who replaced the above due to his loyalty to Mao. After Mao's death, he would be instrumental in ousting the Gang of Four from power. Afterwords, he unsuccessfully supported Hua Guofeng in his power struggle with Deng Xiaoping, being relieved of all governmental positions by 1980
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Wang Dongxing
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Mao then had this document published, which declared the Cultural Revolution. It put emphasis on eliminating reactionary elements from the government, the army, and the party as well as alluding to Liu Shaoqi as a revisionist "Khrushchev"
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May 16th Notification
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At the start of the Cultural Revolution, students on China's universities as well as civilians would put up these types of posters in support of the Cultural Revolution and to denounce their perceived political enemies
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Big Character Posters
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At Peking University, this academic administrator put up a poster denouncing the staff as bourgeois elements. Her poster was well received by Mao, who ordered it to be circulated throughout China's media. This increased the popularity of the posters and encouraged other universities to rebel
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Nie Yuanzi
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Not wanting the student unrest to get out of control, Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping sent these Party groups to universities in order to re-establish control. However, they did not anticipate that Mao supported the students
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Work Teams
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After hearing many complaints from student leaders about the Party's attempt to quell their dissidence, Mao wrote and published his own poster declaring his support for the students. The text of the of poster meant this, which encouraged students to rebel against authority
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Bombard the Headquarters
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On August 8th, 1966, this document, formally named the "Decision Concerning the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution," was published. It elevated the Cultural Revolution from a student movement to a nationwide movement as well as defining the objectives of the Cultural Revolution further
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The Sixteen Points
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In order to re-invent Chinese culture, traditional elements of it including ideas, customs and habits were referred to as this and were targeted for reform, leading to the destruction of many historical pieces of Chinese history
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The Four Olds
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In Shanghai, After receiving support from central authorities in Beijing over opposition from Party Secretary Chen Pixian's in the Anting incident and during a conflict between the rival Scarlet Guards organization, the Worker's Headquarters organization under the leadership of Wang Hongwen seized control of the city in this incident
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January Storm
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Member of the Cultural Revolution Group who was instrumental in both legitimizing the Worker's Headquarters and in allowing them to seize power in Shanghai. He would later be named one of the members of the ultra-leftist Gang of Four and would be a leading politician during the remainder of the Cultural Revolution
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Zhang Chunqiao
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Shanghai was then declared as a People's Commune, but after Mao expressed his disapproval with the term as he thought it would weaken the central government, Shanghai was reorganized into this. With Mao's subsequent support, these organizations appeared throughout China
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Revolutionary Committees
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Within the above organizations, three types of revolutionary groups were supposed to share power. However, of the three groups, this one began to take an increasing dominant role within these organizations, leading to a decline in civilian control of the local governments throughout the country. The other two were mass organizations and local revolutionary Party cadres
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The Military
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In May 1966, this man was elevated to be the fourth most powerful person in China. However, months later, he would be purged due to his uneasy relationship with Jiang Qing and for trying to suppress some of the more radical actions of the Red Guards
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Tao Zhu
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As the Cultural Revolution began to spread rapidly throughout the country, Party veterans and military leaders voiced criticism of the Cultural Revolution in this event
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February Countercurrent
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Name one of leading participants in the above. Although they were renowned within the Party and the military, they were unable to stop the Cultural Revolution, with many of them making self-criticisms for their hostility towards the Cultural Revolution
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Tan Zhenlin | Ye Jianying | Chen Yi | Xu Xiangqian | Nie Rongzhen | Li Fuchun | Li Xiannian
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As the leading member of the Central Case Examination Group, this man was responsible for fabricating false evidence in order to purge members of the Party and other potential rivals to the Cultural Revolution. He was expelled from the party posthumously in 1980
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Kang Sheng
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As Minister of Public Security until his death in 1972, this man refused to prosecute Red Guard groups and other radical organizations or crack down on any violence committed by them. He was expelled from the party posthumously in 1980
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Xie Fuzhi
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In this city, Chen Zaidao, the military region commander, sided with the conservative organization, the Million Heroes and began to crack down against the more radical organizations. Chen was subsequently purged later in the month, ending the attempt to restore order in the city
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Wuhan
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Along with Xie Fuzhi, this man, who was now one of the leading propagandists in the Party was sent to the city to order Chen to stop his suppression against the radicals. However, after delivering an inflammatory speech condemning the Million Heroes and the regional army, he and Xie were captured by elements of Chen's army before being rescued
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Wang Li
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In 1968, this campaign was launched in order further purge reactionary elements within the Party. This lead to both supporters of Liu Shaoqi to be purged as well as radical elements throughout China, signaling and end to Red Guard dominance in the country
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Cleansing the Class Ranks
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These schools, named after a document containing Mao's views on Socialism were formed throughout the country starting in 1968. They were intended to teach Party cadre through primarily hard labor with some study of Mao's teachings
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May Seventh Cadre School
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As Red Guard actions become more uncontrollable, Mao launched this movement to send Red Guards to the rural areas of China with the intention of them learning from peasants so that they would no longer cause dissent in China's cities
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Down to the Countryside Movement
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In 1969, Mao hosted the Party's first congress since 1956. During it, Mao declared an "end" to the Cultural Revolution, elevated his supporters to high positions and formalized the purge of many Party members
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9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
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Labeled as China's number one capitalist roader since the start of the Cultural Revolution and after being stripped of all positions within the government and the Party in 1968, this man died in prison in 1969, only being rehabilitated in 1980
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Liu Shaoqi
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At the 1969 Party Congress, China's constitution was revised to explicitly refer to this man as Mao's Close Comrade in Arms and successor. He previously served as Minister of Defense since the purging of Peng Dehuai in 1959
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Lin Biao
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At the congress, Mao also elevated his new successor's supporters to positions within the politburo. Name one of the people in this group who was elevated during the congress. Four of the members were army generals and the other one was the wife of Mao's successor
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Li Zuopeng | Wu Faxian | Qiu Huizuo | Huang Yongsheng | Ye Qun
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As a response to border clashes on the Ussuri river, Mao's successor issued this order to put the army on full alert in case a war was imminent. As the order was issued without prior approval from Mao, this made Mao concerned that his successor was acting against him
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Order Number One
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In 1970 a conference was held at this mountain to discuss the position of State Chairman which was abolished with Liu Shaoqi's purge. Mao insisted on keeping the position abolished, whereas his successor preferred to restore the position with Mao in the role, widening the rift between Mao and his successor
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Lushan
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Originally a political theorist that elaborated on Mao Zedong Thought, this man was elevated to the position of leader of the Cultural Revolution Group in 1966. After beginning to side with Lin Biao's group in 1970 and criticizing Mao's supporter Zhang Chunqiao, he was purged
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Chen Boda
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Mao then began to decrease the role of the army in the government in order to weaken his successor's power base. Mao wanted Lin and his supporters to deliver self-criticisms but Lin refused to give one, angering Mao. This plot was then organized which was an attempted coup against Mao
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Project 571
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This man, who was Lin Biao's son and author of the coup plot was mysteriously killed in a plane crash on September 13th, 1971 in Mongolia. Along with him, his father and mother were also killed. His sister, Lin Liheng did not board the plane and attempted to warn the central authorities of Lin's flight
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Lin Liguo
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Fearful of a possible coup attempt from Lin's supporters, Mao appointed this general as the new commander of the Beijing Military Region due to his loyalty to Mao. In 1973, he was a made a member of the Politburo Standing Committee until he resigned from this position in 1975
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Li Desheng
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Within the military, this Marshal and Party veteran began to consolidate his power after the death of Lin Biao due to his loyalty to Mao. In 1975 he became the Minister of Defense and was ranked number five in the Politburo Standing Committee since 1973
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Ye Jianying
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After Lin Biao's death, Mao contemplated bringing back Party veterans who were purged during the Cultural Revolution back to their previous government posts. To publicly show his support for this, Mao attended the funeral of this Chinese Marshal in 1972. This Marshal was semi-purged during the Cultural Revolution
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Chen Yi
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At the same time, Mao also brought this former Shanghai worker to Beijing, elevating him to the position of Vice Chairman and making him the third ranking member of the new Politburo Standing Committee at the 10th National Congress. Mao believed that this man, who possessed the revolutionary credentials of being a leftist and a worker could possibly be his successor
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Wang Hongwen
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However, Mao soon became disillusioned with him, believing him inexperienced in politics and for closely allying himself with radicals such as Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao instead of trying to cultivate better relationships with Party veterans. Mao then delegated more power to this Party veteran instead
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Deng Xiaoping
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At the time, this man served as China's premier and was the second most powerful person in China after Lin Biao's death. But after being diagnosed with Bladder Cancer in 1972, he began to transfer more of his power to the first ranked Vice Premier
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Zhou Enlai
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Trying to oust the premier from power, the radical faction within the Party launched this campaign to criticize traditional elements of Chinese society, including this ancient Chinese philosopher. Eventually, this campaign was joined with another campaign against Lin Biao
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Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius
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The same campaign then extended its criticism to the Duke of Zhou and this famous Chinese novel in order to target the premier and the pragmatic faction of the Party
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The Water Margin
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By 1973, Mao could barely speak or move after his health increasingly declined after the death of Lin Biao. As a result, three women acted as his liaisons with the Party. One of them was his private secretary, one was an interpreter, and the other one was his niece. Name one of them
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Zhang Yufeng | Wang Hairong | Tang Wensheng
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In 1973, Mao dubbed this ultra-leftist faction within the party this name. After Mao's death in 1976, the members of this group were arrested
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The Gang of Four
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Mao's wife, who was the leader of this faction. During the Cultural Revolution, she used her influence to transform Chinese theatre, culminating in the Eight Revolutionary Operas.
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Jiang Qing
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To weaken Deng, the radicals began to attack him and other Party veterans by accusing the Ministry of Transportation of working with foreigners by wanting to buy more foreign ships for transport. The resulting incident is named after this ship, which was made domestically and was used by the radicals as an excuse to criticize the Ministry of Transportation
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Fengqing Incident
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In 1975, the radicals launched another campaign to criticize Deng, this time criticizing his ability to only follow Mao's instructions regarding economic development and not Mao's political line of Continuous Revolution.
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Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend
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On January 8th, 1976, Zhou Enlai died. Because he represented someone who wanted to mitigate the excesses of the Cultural Revolution, the radical faction and Mao attempted to downplay his achievements. During the April Qingming festival to honor the dead, thousands of people went to this place in Beijing to pay their respects to Zhou
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Tiananmen Square
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This massive demonstration was seen with unease by the radicals. Now replacing his private secretary as his primary liaison with the Party, this man, who was Mao's nephew managed to convince Mao to suppress it
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Mao Yuanxin
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After cracking down, the radicals seized the opportunity to scapegoat Deng for the demonstrations and purged him from all governmental positions. Hoping for unity within the Party, Mao nominated this obscure political figure as the next premier and as his next successor, supposedly uttering the words "With you in charge, I am at ease" to him
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Hua Guofeng
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On July 28th, 1976, this massive earthquake occurred around this city in Hebei province, making it the deadliest earthquake in recent history. Superstitiously, this earthquake came to represent a loss of the Mandate of Heaven, foreshadowing that the current government would fall soon. Six weeks later, Mao died and around a month later, the Gang of Four was arrested
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Tangshan
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Foreign Relations: 1949-1976
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As China's first premier, in addition to holding a prominent position in domestic affairs, he also dominated China's foreign policy until his death in 1976
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Zhou Enlai
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Taking up the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1958, this man, who was on the Ten Marshals recognized for their military achievements during the Civil War, continued to assist the premier in foreign policy until the Cultural Revolution. He died in 1972
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Chen Yi
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In the early 1950s, the government followed this foreign policy, which involved supporting the Communist bloc of the Soviet Union against the Western bloc headed by the United States. This stance lead to the signing of a friendship pact between the Soviet Union and China in 1950
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Leaning to One Side
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Since December 1949, the previous Nationalist government exiled itself to this island near Fujian province. It continued to function as an independent country under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek
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Taiwan
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However, as the new government was planning to invade the island and reunify all of China under Communist rule, Kim Il-sung launched his invasion of South Korea, starting this war. The subsequent UN pledge to support the South caused the United States to deploy its Seventh Fleet to protect the island, ending any attempt of invasion
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Korean War
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As the UN coalition force under the United States began to drive the Korean's People's Army further north, Mao overrode the majority of the Party which was hesitant on intervention by sending this force to Korea after the Soviet Union offered to support the Chinese intervention with air support
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The People's Volunteer Army
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In order to present the new Chinese government as a diplomatic power, the premier attended this conference in 1954, which discussed outstanding issues from the First Indochina war and the Korean War
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Geneva Conference
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In 1955, with the Non-Aligned movement of Third World Countries growing, the premier attended this conference in Indonesia in order to present China as a leader of this movement, however some of the countries were fearful of China's growing power
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Bandung Conference
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In 1954 and 1958, to protest the United State's presence and Chiang Kai-shek's rule on Taiwan, China shelled the Matsu Islands and Kinmen off the coast of Taiwan. This caused a two incidents between the United States and China with president Eisenhower even threatening to use nuclear weapons
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First and Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
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In 1956, Nikita Khrushchev delivered this speech criticizing the practices of his predecessor, Joseph Stalin, with particular attention going to the Cult of Personality of Stalin. This speech was met with alarm in China as Khrushchev's same criticisms of Stalin could be applied to Mao
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On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
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Khrushchev also formulated this concept that proposed that the Soviet and Western blocs could coexist with each other without resorting to violence. Mao viewed this as revisionism as he did not believe that Communist countries should be having cordial relations with countries he deemed as imperialist and capitalistic
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Peaceful Coexistence
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From 1956, relations between the two countries worsened as Mao denounced Khrushchev's domestic and foreign policies as straying from Communism. Within Europe, this small Communist country under the leadership of Enver Hoxha, was the only one to side against the Soviet Union
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Albania
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In 1962, due to a unresolved border dispute with this southern neighbor in the Tibetan region, China engaged in a short border war with this country, which lead to the reestablishment of the original border between the two countries prior to the conflict
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India
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On August 23rd, 1967, the embassy of this country was burned by Red Guard groups. Fearing that the army would become disillusioned with the Cultural Revolution, Mao scapegoated Wang Li, Guan Feng, and Qi Benyu, leading members of the Cultural Revolution Group for the extremities of the Cultural Revolution
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United Kingdom
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Beginning in March of 1969, border clashes with this country occurred on the Ussuri river near Zhenbao island. This strengthened the army's role in the government and hastened Mao's Third Front scheme to move factories further within China's interior
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Soviet Union
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Mao and Zhou Enlai considered better relations with this Cold War superpower as a result of the border clashes on the Ussuri River and because of the death of Lin Biao, who was rumored to oppose better relations with this country
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United States
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In addition to holding meetings with National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger to start relations, the two countries sent their table tennis teams to each others country, which improved relations further. This coined this term, which refers to improved diplomacy between the two countries as a result of the exchange of teams
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Ping Pong Diplomacy
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In July, 1971, this President of the United States announced he would visit China in 1972. This caused an uproar in Taiwan and South Korea especially, as they believed that the United's States commitment to the security of their countries against their Communist neighbors was decreasing
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Richard Nixon
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Later in 1971, the Republic of China was expelled from this world organization, replacing it with the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong. Before 1971, China was represented by government of Chiang Kai-shek on Taiwan
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United Nations
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During the President's visit to China, he negotiated this document with Zhou Enlai detailing the Taiwan Question, which dealt with the nature of Taiwan's independence, as well as general relations between China and the United States
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Shanghai Communique
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Propaganda and Mao's Cult of Personality
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This oil field in Heilongjiang province was created in 1959 and was turned into a another Socialist model praised by Mao. When calling for the movement of infrastructure deeper into China, Mao told workers to learn from this oil field in order to better adapt to the conditions of the countryside
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Daqing
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In light of Liu Shaoqi's and Deng Xiaoping's reforms, Mao stressed the necessity of collectivization by praising this model village in Shanxi province which managed to be successful using Mao's economic policies
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Dazhai
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This man, as leader of the above village was credited with transforming it into a model commune. Although an illiterate peasant, he was promoted during the Cultural Revolution to the position of Vice Premier, serving in the same position as experienced Party veterans like Li Xiannian and Deng Xiaoping
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Chen Yonggui
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In 1962, the diary of this soldier was, which is rumored to be fabricated by the Minister of Defense was published. The diary presented the man as a model citizen who strove to uphold the Party and Mao Zedong
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Lei Feng
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In 1964, this book was compiled by the Minister of National Defense in order to strengthen Mao's Cult of Personality. During the Cultural Revolution, it was would be recited and carried by most of China's population
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Quotations From Chairman Mao
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In 1964, Mao upset with the level of bureaucracy within the government and the Party and impressed by the way the military was run with politics in command, Mao encouraged this campaign in order to make the government and society more like the military
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Learn From the PLA
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Group of radical students and youths who mobilized to defend Mao's ideas from the central government. Mao and his followers would host a total of 8 rallies for them in Tiananmen Square in 1966
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Red Guards
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Other than the title of Chairman, Mao was referred to using the Four Great Titles, name one of them
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Leader | Teacher | Supreme Commander | Helmsman
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Along with the song "Sailing the Seas Depends on the Helmsman", this song was played repeatedly in propaganda. In addition, it replaced the song "March of the Volunteers" as the unofficial national anthem during the early years of the Cultural Revolution
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"The East is Red"
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In 1968, after receiving this fruit as gift from Pakistan, Mao gave them to the propaganda team at Tsinghua University, resulting in them being worshipped by the team and citizens
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Mangos
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