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AQA A-Level Chemistry Organic Synthesis

all the mechanisms and reactions i remember for organic chemistry, AS and A2 for where titles are, type the answer as just 'x'
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Last updated: June 13, 2025
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First submittedJune 13, 2025
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answer (if empty just put x)
FREE RADICAL SUBSTITUTION
 
 
x
alkane
halogenoalkane
reactant(s)
chlorine/bromine
 
 
condition(s)
uv light
ADDITION POLYMERISATION
 
 
x
ethene
LDPE
temperature (°C)
200
 
 
pressure (atm)
2000
 
 
initiator
oxygen
ethene
HDPE
temperature (°C)
60
 
 
pressure (atm) [not a number]
low
 
 
initiator
ziegler-natta catalyst
CONDENSATION POLYMERISATION
 
 
x
dicarboxylic acid
polyester
reactant(s)
diol
 
 
additional product(s)
water
diacyl dichloride
polyester
reactant(s)
diol
 
 
additional product(s)
HCl
dicarboxylic acid
polyamide
reactant(s)
diamine
 
 
additional product(s)
water
diacyl dichloride
polyamide
reactant(s)
diamine
 
 
additional product(s)
HCl
NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION
 
 
x
halogenoalkane
alcohol
reactant(s)
NaOH/KOH
 
 
condition(s)
warm aqueous solution
halogenoalkane
nitrile
reactant(s)
KCN
(heated under reflux)
 
condition(s)
hot ethanolic solution
halogenoalkane
amine
reactant(s)
ammonia
 
 
condition(s)
excess
ELIMINATION
 
 
x
alkane
alkene
reactant(s)
KOH
 
 
condition(s)
hot alcoholic solution
alcohol
alkene
reactant(s)
phosphoric acid
 
 
condition(s)
concentrated acid
ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION
 
 
x
alkene
halogenoalkane
reactant(s)
HBr
 
 
condition(s)
ethene gas passed through concentrated HBr
alkene
dihalogenoalkane
reactant(s)
bromine
 
 
condition(s)
ethene gas passed through bromine
alkene
alcohol
reactant(s)
sulfuric acid
 
 
condition(s)
ethene gas passed through cold concentrated sulfuric acid
alkene
alkane
reactant(s)
phosphoric acid
(hydration)
 
condition(s)
concentrated
NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION
 
 
x
aldehyde
alcohol
reactant(s)
NaBH4
 
 
condition(s)
in aqueous solution
ketone
alcohol
reactant(s)
NaBH4
 
 
condition(s)
in aqueous solution
aldehyde
hydroxynitrile, then carboxylic acid
reactant(s)
KCN
 
 
condition(s)
acidified with sulfuric acid
ketone
hydroxynitrile, then carboxylic acid
reactant(s)
KCN
 
 
condition(s)
acidified with sulfuric acid
ADDITION-ELIMINATION
 
 
x
acyl chloride
carboxylic acid
reactant(s)
water
 
 
additional product(s)
HCl
acyl chloride
ester
reactant(s)
alcohol
 
 
additional product(s)
HCl
acyl chloride
amide
reactant(s)
ammonia
 
 
additional product(s)
ammonium and chloride ions
acyl chloride
N-substituted amide
reactant(s)
amine
 
 
additional product(s)
ammonium salt and chloride ion
ESTERS
 
 
x
carboxylic acid
ester
reaction name
esterification
 
 
reactant(s)
alcohol
 
 
additional product(s)
water
ester
carboxylic acid, alcohol
reaction name
hydrolysis
 
 
reactant(s)
water
ester
salt of a carboxylic acid
reaction name
saponification
 
 
reactant(s)
NaOH
 
 
additional product(s)
alcohol
AMINES
 
 
x
halogenoalkane
amine
reactant(s)
ammonia
 
 
additional product(s)
ammonium salt
reduction of nitrile compounds:
 
 
x
1. halogenoalkane
nitrile
reactant(s)
KCN
(heated under reflux)
 
condition(s)
hot ethanolic solution
2. nitrile
amine
reactant(s)
hydrogen
 
 
condition(s)
nickel catalyst
why is reduction of nitrile compounds preferred over substitution with halogenoalkanes?
 
 
only one desired amine is formed
ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION
 
 
x
benzene
nitrobenzene
reactant(s)
concentrated HNO3
 
 
catalyst(s)
concentrated H2SO4
 
 
electrophile formed
NO2+
 
 
temperature (°C)
50
friedel-crafts:
 
 
x
[alkylation] benzene
(methyl)benzene
reactant(s)
chloroalkane
 
any R group, not just methyl
catalyst(s)
AlCl3
 
 
temperature [not in °C]
room temperature
[acylation] benzene
phenyl (ethanoate)
reactant(s)
acyl chloride
 
any carboxyl group, not just ethanoate
catalyst(s)
AlCl3
 
 
condition(s)
heat under reflux
 
 
temperature (°C)
50
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