H3+H4: Coral reefs

A Level Environmental Science revision

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Last updated: May 26, 2025

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Answer

Tropical coral reefs

Distribution

Equatorial

Distribution

Coastlines

% of oceans

% of marine species

Phylum

Cnidaria

Ecological features

High light levels

Ecological features

Warm, stable temperatures

Ecological features

Immersion

Ecological features

Low turbidity

Ecological features

Constant salinity

Optimum light zone

Photic

Optimum temperaure

25-29

Immersion importance

Submersion prevents drying

Effects of turbidity

Reduced light penetration

Effects of turbidity

Smothering

Importance of constant salinity

Cannot regulate water concentration in cells

Changes from the _____ __ ________ causes ____ which _____ __________, causing ________ and _____

Range of tolerance, stress, expells zooxanthellae, bleaching, death

Nutrition system

Cilia trap plankton

Nutrition system

Nematocysts harpoon plankton

Nutrition system

Symbiotic photosynthetic algae

Name of algae

Zooxanthellae

% food from algae

Excess CO2 is incorporated into

Calcite exoskeletons

Importance

Biodiversity

Importance

Climate control

Importance

Ecotourism

Importance

Erosion protection

Importance

Fisheries

Importance

Medicinal discoveries

Species exploited (3)

Crustaceans, fish, molluscs

Biodiversity increases...

Predator-prey relationships

Biodiversity increases...

Competition

Biodiversity requires...

Chemical defence mechanisms

Useful enzyme used to control asthma

Secosteroids

Threats

Climate change

Threats

Coastal development

Threats

Introduced species

Threats

Overfishing

Threats

Physical damage

Threats

Pollution

Threats

Sedimentation

Threats

Souvenirs

Threats

Tourism

The ___ _______ was introduced to the _______ in the ____ and became a _______ to many _________ species

Red Lionfish, Caribbean, 1990s, predator, indigenous

Overfishing can effect

Food webs

Overfishing can effect

Interspecies relationships

Overfishing of ____ _____ increased ____ __ ____ ______ populations to increase, the biggest destroyer of the ____ ______ ____

Giant Triton, Crown of Thorns starfish, Great Barrier Reef

Types of pollution

Oil

Types of pollution

Inorganic

Types of pollution

Acid

Conservation efforts

Control of damaging activities

Conservation efforts

Designated Protected Areas

Conservation efforts

Reef creation

Damaging activities

Fishing

Damaging activities

Tourism

Damaging activities

Exploitation

MPA example

Great Barrier Reef

MPA example +location

Chagos Islands, Indian Ocean

NTZs

No Take Zones

Number of species under CITES +appendix

2000, II

Artificial reef materials

Concrete structures

Artificial reef materials

Old ships

Artificial reefs in the Gulf of Mexico

400 oil rigs

Deep water coral reefs

Distribution

Globally

Ecological features

Low light levels

Ecological features

Low temperatures

Ecological features

Low nutrients

Ecological features

No zooxanthellae

Ecological features

Slow growth

Most discovered after

2010

Easy to over-exploit due to...

Low reproductive rates

Species exploited

Blue Whiting

Species exploited

Orange Roughy

Threats

Trawling

Threats

Oil and gas exploration

Threats

Ocean acidification

Conservation efforts

Designated Protected Areas

Conservation efforts

Education

SAC example +country

Darwin Mounds, Scotland

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