H3+H4: Coral reefs

A Level Environmental Science revision

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Last updated: May 26, 2025

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Hint	Answer
H3	Tropical coral reefs
Distribution	Equatorial
Distribution	Coastlines
% of oceans	1
% of marine species	25
Phylum	Cnidaria
Ecological features	High light levels
Ecological features	Warm, stable temperatures
Ecological features	Immersion
Ecological features	Low turbidity
Ecological features	Constant salinity
Optimum light zone	Photic
Optimum temperaure	25-29
Immersion importance	Submersion prevents drying
Effects of turbidity	Reduced light penetration
Effects of turbidity	Smothering
Importance of constant salinity	Cannot regulate water concentration in cells
Changes from the _____ __ ________ causes ____ which _____ __________, causing ________ and _____	Range of tolerance, stress, expells zooxanthellae, bleaching, death
Nutrition system	Cilia trap plankton
Nutrition system	Nematocysts harpoon plankton
Nutrition system	Symbiotic photosynthetic algae
Name of algae	Zooxanthellae
% food from algae	95
Excess CO2 is incorporated into	Calcite exoskeletons
Importance	Biodiversity
Importance	Climate control
Importance	Ecotourism
Importance	Erosion protection
Importance	Fisheries
Importance	Medicinal discoveries
Species exploited (3)	Crustaceans, fish, molluscs
Biodiversity increases...	Predator-prey relationships
Biodiversity increases...	Competition
Biodiversity requires...	Chemical defence mechanisms
Useful enzyme used to control asthma	Secosteroids
Threats	Climate change
Threats	Coastal development
Threats	Introduced species
Threats	Overfishing
Threats	Physical damage
Threats	Pollution

Hint	Answer
Threats	Sedimentation
Threats	Souvenirs
Threats	Tourism
The ___ _______ was introduced to the _______ in the ____ and became a _______ to many _________ species	Red Lionfish, Caribbean, 1990s, predator, indigenous
Overfishing can effect	Food webs
Overfishing can effect	Interspecies relationships
Overfishing of ____ _____ increased ____ __ ____ ______ populations to increase, the biggest destroyer of the ____ ______ ____	Giant Triton, Crown of Thorns starfish, Great Barrier Reef
Types of pollution	Oil
Types of pollution	Inorganic
Types of pollution	Acid
Conservation efforts	Control of damaging activities
Conservation efforts	Designated Protected Areas
Conservation efforts	Reef creation
Damaging activities	Fishing
Damaging activities	Tourism
Damaging activities	Exploitation
MPA example	Great Barrier Reef
MPA example +location	Chagos Islands, Indian Ocean
NTZs	No Take Zones
Number of species under CITES +appendix	2000, II
Artificial reef materials	Concrete structures
Artificial reef materials	Old ships
Artificial reefs in the Gulf of Mexico	400 oil rigs
H4	Deep water coral reefs
Distribution	Globally
Ecological features	Low light levels
Ecological features	Low temperatures
Ecological features	Low nutrients
Ecological features	No zooxanthellae
Ecological features	Slow growth
Most discovered after	2010
Easy to over-exploit due to...	Low reproductive rates
Species exploited	Blue Whiting
Species exploited	Orange Roughy
Threats	Trawling
Threats	Oil and gas exploration
Threats	Ocean acidification
Conservation efforts	Designated Protected Areas
Conservation efforts	Education
SAC example +country	Darwin Mounds, Scotland

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