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Leaders and Politicians
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Hint
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Name
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The sixth Amorite king of the Old Babylonian Empire, reigning from c. 1792 to c. 1750 BCE
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Hammurabi
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Third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
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Ramesses II
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Founder of the Achaemenid Empire
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Cyrus the Great
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A king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon
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Alexander the Great
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Emperor of Magadha from c. 268 BCE until their death and the third ruler from the Mauryan dynasty
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Ashoka
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Founder of the Qin dynasty and the first emperor of China
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Qin Shi Huang
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Roman general, statesman, and author who was the dictator of the Roman Republic almost continuously from 49 BCE until his assassination in 44 BCE
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Julius Caesar
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Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BCE and the last active Hellenistic pharaoh
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Cleopatra
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Founder of the Roman Empire who reigned as the first Roman emperor from 27 BCE until his death in 14 CE
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Augustus
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The only undisputed female sovereign in the history of China; held power as the empress consort of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang dynasty from 660 to 683 and as empress dowager during the reigns of her sons, Emperors Zhongzong and Ruizong, between 683 and 690
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Wu Zetian
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King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire from 800
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Charlemagne
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Founder and first khan of the Mongol Empire
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Genghis Khan
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Ninth Mansa of the Mali Empire, which reached its territorial peak during his reign
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Mansa Musa
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Turco-Mongol conqueror, first ruler of the Timurid dynasty, and the founder of the Timurid Empire, which ruled over modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia
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Timur
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Ottoman sultan from 1520 to 1566
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Suleiman the Magnificent
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Third Mughal emperor who reigned from 1556 to 1605
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Akbar
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Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603
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Elizabeth I
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Empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796
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Catherine the Great
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Founding Father and the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797
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George Washington
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Emperor of the French from 18 May 1804 until his first abdication in 1814, with a brief restoration during the Hundred Days in 1815
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Napoleon
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Venezuelan statesman and military officer who led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia to independence from the Spanish Empire
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Simón Bolívar
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16th president of the United States, serving from 1861 until his assassination in 1865
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Abraham Lincoln
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Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule and later inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.
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Mahatma Gandhi
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Soviet revolutionary and politician who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953
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Joseph Stalin
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Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Germany during the Nazi era from 1933 until his suicide in 1945
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Adolf Hitler
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Chinese revolutionary, politician, writer, political theorist, and the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
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Mao Zedong
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South African anti-apartheid activist and politician who was the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999
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Nelson Mandela
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Explorers
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Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four Spanish transatlantic in the name of the Catholic monarchs, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas
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Christopher Columbus
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Artists
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Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance.
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Michelangelo
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Dutch Golden Age painter, printmaker, and draughtsman
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Rembrandt
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Japanese ukiyo-e artist of the Edo period active as a painter and printmaker
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Hokusai
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Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art
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Vincent van Gogh
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Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, and theatre designer who spent most of his adult life in France
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Pablo Picasso
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Philospohers and Social Scientists
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Chinese philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages
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Confucius
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Ancient Greek philosopher from Classical Athens, perhaps the first Western moral philosopher, and a major inspiration on his student Plato, who largely founded the tradition of Western philosophy
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Socrates
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Ancient Greek philosopher of Classical Athens who is most commonly considered the foundational thinker of the Western philosophical tradition
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Plato
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Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath; his writings span the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, and the arts
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Aristotle
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Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, and writer who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises of the Roman Republic that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire
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Cicero
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Arab scholar, historian, philosopher, and sociologist; widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest social scientists of the Middle Ages, and is considered by a number of scholars to be a major forerunner of historiography, sociology, economics, and demography studies
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Ibn Khaldun
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Florentine diplomat, author, philosopher, and historian who lived during the Italian Renaissance
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Niccolò Machiavelli
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French philosopher, scientist, logician, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science during the Renaissance era
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René Descartes
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English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of the Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "father of liberalism"
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John Locke
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Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the field of political economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment
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Adam Smith
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Prussian-born German philosopher; considered one of the central thinkers of the Enlightenment
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Immanuel Kant
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English writer and philosopher best known for her advocacy of women's rights
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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German philosopher, social and political theorist, economist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist
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Karl Marx
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Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies seen as originating from conflicts in the psyche through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst, and the distinctive theory of mind and human agency derived from it
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Sigmund Freud
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Writers
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Ancient Greek poet who is widely credited as the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature
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Homer
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Ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period; composed three of the most famous poems in Latin literature: the Eclogues, the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid
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Virgil
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Chinese poet acclaimed as one of the greatest and most important poets of the Tang dynasty, and even in the whole of Chinese poetry
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Li Bai
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Japanese novelist, poet, and lady-in-waiting at the Imperial court in the Heian period
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Murasaki Shikibu
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Sufi mystic, poet, and founder of the Islamic brotherhood known as the Mevlevi Order
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Rumi
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Italian poet, writer, and philosopher; his Divine Comedy is widely considered one of the most important poems of the Middle Ages and one of the greatest literary works in the Italian language
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Dante Alighieri
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English playwright, poet, and actor; widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's preeminent dramatist
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William Shakespeare
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French Enlightenment writer, philosophe, satirist, and historian
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Voltaire
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Russian writer; regarded as one of the greatest and most influential authors of all time
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Leo Tolstoy
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Bengali polymath (specifically a poet, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social reformer, and painter) of the Bengal Renaissance period
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Rabindranath Tagore
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Musicians
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German composer and musician of the late Baroque period; known for his prolific output across a variety of instruments and forms, including the orchestral Brandenburg Concertos
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Johann Sebastian Bach
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Classical composer and musician; completed more than 800 works in his life, including symphonies, concertos, chamber music, opera, and choral music
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
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German composer and pianist; mentored during the Classical period and incorporated more complex structure and emotion in his later works
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Ludwig van Beethoven
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American jazz and blues trumpeter and vocalist; among the most influential figures in jazz, with a five decade career spanning several eras in the history of the genre
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Louis Armstrong
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English musician, songwriter, and activist who was the founder, co-lead vocalist, and rhythm guitarist of an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960
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John Lennon
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English musician and songwriter who was the bassist and keyboardist of, as well as co-lead vocalist for an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960
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Paul McCartney
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English musician, singer, songwriter, and actor who was the drummer for an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960
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Ringo Starr
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English musician who was the lead guitarist of an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960
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George Harrison
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American singer, songwriter, dancer, and philanthropist; widely regarded as one of the most culturally significant figures of the 20th century
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Michael Jackson
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Filmakers
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English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film
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Charlie Chaplin
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American animator, film producer, voice actor, and entrepreneur
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Walt Disney
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Scientists and Inventors
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Greek physician and philosopher of the classical period who is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine
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Hippocrates
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Preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world; a seminal figure of the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian rulers, and was influential to medieval European medical and Scholastic thought
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Avicenna
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Chinese polymath, scientist, and statesman of the Northern Song dynasty
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Shen Kuo
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German inventor and craftsman who invented the movable-type printing press
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Johannes Gutenberg
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Renaissance polymath who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath
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Galileo Galilei
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English polymath who was a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, author, and inventor
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Isaac Newton
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French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology
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Antoine Lavoisier
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English chemist and physicist who contributed to the study of electrochemistry and electromagnetism
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Michael Faraday
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English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology
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Charles Darwin
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English social reformer, statistician and the founder of modern nursing
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Florence Nightingale
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French chemist, pharmacist, and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization
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Louis Pasteur
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Scottish physicist and mathematician who was responsible for the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, which was the first theory to describe electricity, magnetism, and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon
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James Clerk Maxwell
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Russian chemist known for formulating the periodic law and creating a version of the periodic table of elements
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Dmitri Mendeleev
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American inventor and businessman; developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, sound recording, and motion pictures
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Thomas Edison
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Serbian-American engineer, futurist, and inventor; known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system
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Nikola Tesla
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Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist; shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband
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Marie Curie
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German-born theoretical physicist who is best known for developing the theory of relativity
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Albert Einstein
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Mathematicians
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Ancient Greek mathematician active as a geometer and logician; considered the "father of geometry", he is chiefly known for the Elements treatise, which established the foundations of geometry that largely dominated the field until the early 19th century
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Euclid
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Mathematician active during the Islamic Golden Age, who produced Arabic-language works in mathematics, astronomy, and geography
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Al-Khwarizmi
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Swiss polymath who was active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician, geographer, music theorist, and engineer
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Leonhard Euler
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German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist who contributed to many fields in mathematics and science
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Carl Friedrich Gauss
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Logician, mathematician, and philosopher; considered to be one of the most significant logicians in history and profoundly influenced scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century
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Kurt Gödel
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English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher and theoretical biologist
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Alan Turing
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Religious Figures
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Wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism
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The Buddha
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First-century Jewish preacher and religious leader in the Roman province of Judaea
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Jesus
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Arab religious, military, and political leader, as well as the founder of Islam
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Muhammad
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Fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from 656 CE until his assassination in 661, as well as the first Shia Imam
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Ali
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Indian Vedic scholar and monk, philosopher, and acharya of Advaita Vedanta
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Adi Shankara
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German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and former Augustinian friar
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Martin Luther
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Buisnesspeople
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American industrialist and business magnate; founder of the Ford Motor Company and is credited as a pioneer in making automobiles affordable for middle-class Americans
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Henry Ford
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* Removed Joan of Arc, Zheng He, Vasco da Gama, Ferdinand Magellan, James Cook, Herodotus, Thomas Aquinas, Friedrich Nietzsche, Miguel de Cervantes, Carl Linnaeus, Archimedes, and Emmy Noether (less influential people were removed in order to get the count down to around 100)
* Removed Laozi (now considered legendary by majority of scholars on the subject)
* Added one politician/leader
* Reworded hints to be a bit less ambiguous and more concise
* Fixed grammar issues with four hints