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Born:
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Known for:
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Answer
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c.287 BC, Syracuse
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Buoyancy principle Law of the lever Center of gravity
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Archimedes
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78, Nanyang
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Seismometer Hydraulic-powered armillary sphere
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Zhang Heng
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c.100, Unknown
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Planetary models, geocentrism
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Ptolemy
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c.801, Kufa
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Optics, acoustics
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Al-Kindi
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c.965, Basra
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Optics, visual perception
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Ibn al-Haytham
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973, Beruniy
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Geodesy, hydrostatics, material density
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Al-Biruni
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1201, Tus
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Coupling mechanism to convert rotary to linear motion Non-uniform circular motion in astrophysics
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Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
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1473, Toruń
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Heliocentrism
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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1544, Colchester
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Studies on magnetism
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William Gilbert
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1546, Knutstorp Castle
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Accurate astronomical observations
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Tycho Brahe
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1564, Pisa
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Analitical mechanics Heliocentrism Kinematics
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Galileo Galilei
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1571, Weil der Stadt
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Laws of planetary motion
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Johannes Kepler
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1629, The Hague
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Centrifugal force Wave theory of light Explanation of Saturn's rings
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Christiaan Huygens
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1635, Freshwater
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Microscopy Inverse square law in gravity Spring compression law
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Robert Hooke
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1643, Kensington
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Classical mechanics Laws of motion Universal gravitation Calculus Optics
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Isaac Newton
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1656, Haggerston
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Computation of a comet's periodicity
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Edmond Halley
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1711, Mishaninskaya
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Atmosphere of Venus Conservation of mass
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Mikhail Lomonosov
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1731, Nice
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Discovering hydrogen Measuring Earth's density
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Henry Cavendish
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1738, Hanover
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Discovering Uranus Discovering infrared radiation
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William Herschel
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1750, Hanover
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Discovering several comets
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Caroline Herschel
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1773, Milverton
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Wave theory of light Double-slit experiment
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Thomas Young
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1775, Lyon
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Classical electrodynamics Solenoid Right-hand grip rule
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André-Marie Ampère
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1776, Turin
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Molecular theory A constant related to amount of substance
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Amedeo Avogadro
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1777, Rudkøbing
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A law about the circulation of a magnetic field Discovering piperine and aluminium
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Hans Christian Ørsted
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1788, Broglie
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Diffraction Catadioptric lens used in lighthouses
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Augustin-Jean Fresnel
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1789, Erlangen
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Proportionality between current and voltage
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Georg Ohm
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1791, Newington Butts
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Discovering electromagnetic induction The concept of electromagnetic field Diamagnetism Electrolysis
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Michael Faraday
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1796, Paris
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Maximum efficiency of heat engines
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Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
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1818, Salford
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Mechanical equivalent of heat Disproving caloric theory
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James Prescott Joule
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1819, Paris
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A pendulum which proved Earth's rotation Speed of light measurements
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Léon Foucault
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1821, Potsdam
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Studies in the conservation of energy A thermodynamic potential Vortex theorem A decomposition theorem in electromagnetism
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Hermann von Helmholtz
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1824, Königsberg
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Circuit laws of current and voltage Law of thermal radiation
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Gustav Kirchhoff
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1824, Belfast
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Absolute temperature scale Formulation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics
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Lord Kelvin
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1831, Edinburgh
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Unifying the theories of electricity, magnetism and light 4 equations which capture electromagnetism Statistical mechanics
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James Clerk Maxwell
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1837, Leiden
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An ideal equation for gases and liquids
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Johannes Diderik van der Waals
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1838, Brno
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Shock waves, speed of sound ratio
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Ernst Mach
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1844, Vienna
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Relation between entropy and the number of microstates Development of statistical mechanics Statistical explanation of the 2nd law of thermodynamics
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Ludwig Boltzmann
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1845, Remscheid
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Discovering X-rays
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Wilhelm Röntgen
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1852, Paris
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Discovering radioactivity The unit of radioactivity
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Henri Becquerel
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1853, Arnhem
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Force on a charged particle in an electromagnetic field Mathematical foundation for special relativity Spectral line splitting caused by magnetic fields
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Hendrik Lorentz
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1852, Strzelno
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Fine structure measurement A failed experiment which disproved aether and led to special relativity
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Albert A. Michelson
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1856, Manchester
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Discovering the electron Plum pudding model Discovering stable isotopes
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J. J. Thomson
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1857, Hamburg
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Proving the existence of electromagnetic waves
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Heinrich Hertz
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1858, Kiel
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Proposed energy is emitted in discrete packets (quanta) A constant relating energy and frequency Solving the ultraviolet catastrophe
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Max Planck
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1859, Paris
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Discovering piezoelectricity Discovering polonium and radium Researching radioactivity
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Pierre Curie
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1862, Wigton
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X-ray crystrallography, diffraction
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William Henry Bragg
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1867, Warsaw
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Discovering polonium and radium Researching radioactivity
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Marie Curie
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1868, Morrison
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The oil drop experiment, measuring electric charge Using the photoelectric effect to measure a constant
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Robert Andrews Millikan
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1871, Brightwater
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Discovering the atomic nucleus Discovering protons Discovering radon
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Ernest Rutherford
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1878, Vienna
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Discovering nuclear fission Discovering protactinium
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Lise Meitner
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1879, Ulm
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Theory of relativity (special and general) Mass-energy equivalence Photoelectric effect (light wave-particle duality) Brownian motion Field equations, cosmological constant Quantum statistical mechanics
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Albert Einstein
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1882, Wroclaw
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Quantum mechanics' probabilistic foundation Probability related to squared amplitude of wavefunction A complete quantum theory using matrix algebra
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Max Born
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1885, Copenhagen
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Planetary model of the atom with discrete energy levels Creating the term "correspondence principle" Complementarity
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Niels Bohr
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1887, Vienna
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A fundamental equation of quantum mechanics Cat thought experiment
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Erwin Schrödinger
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1888, Tiruchirapalli
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Inelastic scattering of photons by matter
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C. V. Raman
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1889, Marshfield
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Discovering the universe's expansion Galaxy morphological classification
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Edwin Hubble
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1891, Bollington
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Discovering the neutron
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James Chadwick
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1894, Charleroi
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The Big Bang theory Early researching on the universe's expansion
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Georges Lemaître
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1900, Vienna
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Exclusion principle for half-integer spin particles Postulating the neutrino Three 2x2 matrices as a basis of spin operators
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Wolfgang Pauli
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1901, Canton
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Inventing the cyclotron Uranium isotope separation in the Manhattan project
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Ernest Lawrence
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1901, Rome
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Half-integer spin particles The first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction Critical mass calculations for the Manhattan project
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Enrico Fermi
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1901, Würzburg
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Uncertainty principle A complete quantum theory using matrix algebra
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Werner Heisenberg
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1902, Bristol
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Quantum electrodynamics, quantum field theory Quantum statistics for half-integer spin particles
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Paul Dirac
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1904, Princeton
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Director of the Manhattan project An approximation treating electrons and nuclei separately
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J. Robert Oppenheimer
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1906, Strasbourg
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Work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis Critical mass calculations for the Manhattan project The basis of solid-state physics
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Hans Bethe
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1908, Budapest
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The hydrogen bomb Worked in the Manhattan project
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Edward Teller
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1918, New York City
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Work and diagrams in quantum electrodynamics Path integral formulation of quantum mechanics Superfluidity of liquid helium Worked in the Manhattan project "Teach it to understand it" learning method
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Richard Feynman
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1921, Moscow
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Nobel Peace Prize for advocating human rights Conditions to explain the matter-antimatter imbalance Work on the soviet hydrogen bomb
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Andrei Sakharov
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1926, Shanghai
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Violation of the parity law in weak interactions Particle physics
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Tsung-Dao Lee
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1929, New York City
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Quark model Organized subatomic particles into symmetry groups
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Murray Gell-Mann
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1933, Shanghai
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Fibre optics
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Charles K. Kao
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1934, New York City
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Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence "Cosmos" television show
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Carl Sagan
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1942, Oxford
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Black hole radiation Gravitational sigularity
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Stephen Hawking
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