Bio Exam 1

This is an attraction between different substances, for example, between water and plant cell walls

Glucose + Oxygen >>>> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP) AKA: c6 H12 O6 + 6O2 >>>> 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP)

collection of all the ecosystems on earth

level of organization that consists of functionally related interacting organs

all the living things in a particular area with the abiotic, non living parts of that environment

all the individuals of a species living within a specific area

set of populations inhabiting a particular area

group of similar cells carrying out related functions

smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living things

small structures that exist within cells and carry out cellular functions

two or more atoms chemically bonded together

The smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element

collection of related tissues grouped together performing a common function

Observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, data collection, analysis, results, conclusion, theory, controlled experiments

about 20-25% of the 92 _____ are essential to life

these elements make up 96% of living matter.

An elements properties depend on the structure of its____. Each element consists of unique ___.

protons, neutrons, electrons

an elements atomic number is the amount of protons in its nucleus

the atoms total mass, can be approximated by the mass number.

An elements mass number is the sum of protons plus neutrons

atoms sometimes strip electrons from their bonding partners. An example is the transfer of an electron from sodium to chlorine. After the transfer of an electron, both atoms have charges. This is the attraction between an anion and a cation.

A charged atom or molecule is called...

a positively charged ion

negatively charged ion

Table salt, a compound is the result of what?

high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor

the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius

These can form between atoms of the same element or atoms of different elements. Single: one pair of electrons are shared between atoms. Double: two pairs of electrons are shared between atoms Triple: three pairs of electrons are shared between atoms

in this____, the atoms share the electron equally

In this___, one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally.

THIS forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom. In living cells the electronegative partners are usually oxygen or nitrogen atoms.

has an affinity for water.

does not have an affinity

is a liquid that is a homogenous mixture of substances

substance that is dissolved

dissolving agent of a solution

water is the solvent in this solution

acidic solutions have a ___ of less than 7. Basic solutions have ___values greater than 7. Most biological fluids have a ___in the range of 6-8.

The internal pH of most living cells must remain close to pH 7. _____ are substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution. Most _____ consist of an acid-base pair that reversibly combines with H+.

Polysaccharide that comprises the plants' cell wall; provides structural support to the cell

Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together. _____ helps the transport of water against gravity in plants

Cohesive behavior Ability to moderate temperature Expansion upon freezing Versatility as a solvent

share a common structure: a core of microtubules sheathed by the plasma membrane. A basal body that anchors the colium or flagellum. A motor protein called dynein, which drives the bending movements of a cilium or flagellum

hollow rods with functions of shaping the cell, guiding movements of organelles, separating chromosomes during cell division. These control the beating of cilia and flagella, the locomotor appendages of some cells.

Digestive Compartment. _____ is a membraneous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules. ____ enzymes work best in the acidic environment inside the of ____.

The shipping an recieving center. Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae.

region of ER that has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface. Synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones. Detoxifies certain chemicals like pesticides, preservatives, medications. Stores calcium ions.

Section of the ER that has ribosomes attached to it and engages in protein modification and phospholipid synthesis. The ribsosomes secrete glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbs) Membrane factory for the cell. Distributes transport vesicles.

series of interconnected membraneous structures with eukaryotic cells that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids.

cellular structure that carries out protein synthesis

core of an atom. Contains protons and neutrons.

large plant cell organelle that regulates the cells storage compartment, holds water, and plays a significant role in cell growth as the site of macromolecule degradation

plant organelle that carries out photosynthesis

powerhouse of the cell - generates energy needed to power the cell - stores energy produced in ATP

Cells

Protons

Electrons

Neutrons

Basic features of cells

Has DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membraneous nuclear envelope.

single-celled organism that lacks organelles and does not have nuclei surrounded by a nuclear membrane

the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell

single-celled microorganisms that lack a nuclear membrane, are metabolically active and divide by binary fission.

eukaryotic, meaning each has a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles that perform specific functions.

They are eukaryotic cells. It means that, unlike prokaryotic cells, they have membrane-bound organelles suspended in the cytoplasm enveloped by a plasma membrane.

organism, usually single-celled and heterotrophic (using organic carbon as a source of energy), belonging to any of the major lineages of protists and, like most protists, typically microscopic. All of these are eukaryotes and therefore possess a “true,” or membrane-bound, nucleus.

organism that produces organic molecules from small inorganic compounds. This is an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals.

organism that consumes organic substances or other organisms for food.

membranes' major constituent; comprised of two fatty acids and a phosphate-containing group attached to a glycerol backbone