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WJEC GCSE Sociology - Key Thinkers (Families)

Which key thinkers are responsible for these theories? Note: some of these theorists are not listed in the specification - but they are very useful for getting those top grades!
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Last updated: May 6, 2026
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First submittedMay 6, 2026
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Four functions of the family - Reproduction, Primary socialisation, Satisfied sex drive, Economic provision
George Murdock
Two irreducible functions of the modern family - Primary socialisation and stabilisation of adult personalities - and the "warm bath" theory
Talcott Parsons
Lone-parent families mean boys have no role model and will become criminals
Charles Murray
The family is a unit of consumption, children have "pester power" and the family perpetuates capitalism through inheritance
Eli Zaretsky
Women contribute the most to the family but men benefit because the traditional family is patriarchal and serves only male interests
Delphy and Leonard
The "dual burden" where women do both paid work and unpaid domestic labour
Ann Oakley
The "triple shift" - the dual burden plus emotional support/childcare
Duncombe and Marsden
Researched domestic violence in the UK and argues that it is rooted in a culture where women are seen as inferior
Sylvia Walby
The rise of the symmetrical family and joint conjugal roles due to stratified diffusion
Willmott and Young
Roles of money management within marriage
Jan Pahl
Childhood as a social construct and changing ideas about childhood over time
Philippe Ariès
The emergence of "toxic childhood" due to education, social media and consumerism
Sue Palmer
The rise of family diversity in the UK
Rapoport and Rapoport
Criticised the above, saying that the extent of family diversity is exaggerated and said that the nuclear family has morphed into the "neo-conventional family"
Robert Chester
Confluent love - now acceptable to leave a relationship once it is not enjoyable, which leads to an increase in divorce and serial monogamy
Anthony Giddens
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