IB biology common topics

While studying for the HL biology IB exams, I made this quiz to help me. Hopefully it helps other too.
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Last updated: May 2, 2026
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Question 1 of 5
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membrane transport proteins and their functions
phospholipids w/ unsaturated fatty acid: more fluid, lower melting point
Exocytosis: materials enter cell, making membrane larger
Endocytosis: materials exit cell, making membrane smaller
ATP synthase is active transport
carrier proteins: binds to molecule, changes shape, transports molecule. passive or active with ATP
voltage gated ion channels: uses transmembrane voltage, important in neurons
small molecules, like water, co2, and O2 can pass w/o transport protein
channel proteins cannot be gated
channel proteins: passive transport, mainly for ions and water, but can only transport 1 type
active transport proteins: need ATP to move molecules against concentration gradient
cholesterol is in plants and fungi as well as animals
Ions can diffuse across membrane
phospholipids w/ saturated fatty acid: less fluid, higher melting point
carrier proteins are active transport proteins
sodium potassium pump is active transport
aquaporins: only for water movement
cholesterol: maintains fluidity and permeability
glycolipids and glycoproteins have attached sugar chains
proteins spanning both sides of membrane are integral proteins
glycoprotein: for cell adhesion and are the antigens on blood
Phagocytosis – The process by which solid substances are ingested
ATP stands for Active Transport Pump
peripheral protein: for cell signalling, communication, and support
glycolipid: used for communication, signalling, and attaching, on lipid
Ligand-gated Ion Channels: transports when certain chemical (acetylcholine in neurons) attaches
YES
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Question 2 of 5
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correct statements regarding immune system
plasma cell produces antibodies
antibodies can be on t-helper cells, cytotoxic cells, b-lymphocyte cells, or free floating
Prion: type of pathogenic prokaryotic cell
innate immune system: born with it
B-lymphocyte "learns" antigen, turns into plasma cell
macrophage gives antigens on pathogen to T-helper cell
lysogenic: bacteriophage DNA mixed in host DNA, cell divides, phage DNA activates w/ right condition
t-helper cell "learns" antigen, turns into plasma cell
lytic cycle of virus: bacteriophage DNA separate from host, replicates, cell lyses
cytotoxic cells recognize and kill infected cells
Pathogens include all bacteria, some fungi, viruses and prions
t-cells are from thymus
T-helper cell messages cytotoxic and B- lymphocyte cells with cytokines
b-cells come from thymus
T-helper cell message macrophages
adaptive- pathogen specific, remembers some pathogens
t-cells "remember"" antigen for next time
innate immune: skin, mucus, phagocytes, blood clotting, not specific
1st line of defence: physical barriers (ex:skin), chemical/microbial barrier (ex:lysozyme in saliva)
b-cells are from bone marrow
adaptive immune system: developed over life
macrophage is type of phagocyte
phagocytosis: phagocytic white blood cells, digest new bodies, put in vesicles, sent to lysosomes
bacteriophage is a virus that IB bio students must know for whatever reason
vaccines are made of antigenic material and generate general immunity, not specific
YES
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Question 3 of 5
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haploid cells
gametes
can undergo mitosis but not meiosis
Has 23 chromosomes
stem cells
has homologous pair
A cell described by 2n
egg
cells after meiosis
cells after mitosis
sperm
spermatids
Can undergo meiosis but not mitosis
Has 46 chromosomes
a cell that can be described by 1n
spermatogonia
Some somatic cells
YES
NO
Question 4 of 5
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Enzymes in DNA replication and their correct function
leading strand is continuous, lagging strand is not continuous
helicase: holds DNA strands apart during replication
(not an enzyme) okazaki fragments are found on leading strand
ligase: binds okazaki fragments
gyrase: reduces tension on DNA from unwinding
DNA primase: adds RNA primer to start of strands when initiating replication
DNA polymerase II: removes RNA primer
Ligase: signals to other enzymes to stop replication
gyrase: splits DNA strands
DNA polymerase II: proofreads strand
DNA polymerase I: replaces RNA primer with DNA at begining of transcription process
syrcase: initiates DNA replication
RNA primase: adds RNA primer to start of strands when initiating replication
DNA polymerase III: attaches free nucleotides to DNA in 5-3 direction
helicase: splits DNA strands
syrcase: ends DNA replication
DNA polymerase III: proofreads strand
(not an enzyme) okazaki fragments are found on 5-3 strand
DNA polymerase I: replaces RNA primer with DNA at end of transcription process
DNA polymerase III: attaches free nucleotides to DNA in 3-5 direction
YES
NO
Question 5 of 5
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aspects of a QUATERNARY protein structure (and examples)
At this point polypeptides fold into a-helices or b-sheets
hydrogen bonds
disulphide bonds
ionic bonds
insulin
can have inorganic compounds
Caused by R-groups interacting
metallic bonds
made of 2 or more tertiary proteins
Van der Waals forces
covalent bonds
prosthetic groups are smaller proteins within the larger one
can have prosthetic groups
collagen
hemoglobin
peptide bonds
nearly all proteins eventually have quaternary structure
YES
NO
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