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Description
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Term
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That which a government does by selling government bonds to the central bank, commercial banks, or the non-bank private sector
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Borrow
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That sector the principal role of which is to ensure liquidity, i.e. a sufficient flow of money and credit to enable saving and borrowing and thus allow product markets and transactions to operate smoothly
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Financial Sector
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That which when of limited quality or quantity can harm development by impeding trade and thus the earning of foreign exchange, increasing geographic immobility, and deterring foreign direct investment
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Infrastructure
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Those strategies for development the principal examples of which are; trade liberalisation, foreign direct investment, removal of government involvement, floating exchange rates, microfinance, and privatisation
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Market Oriented Strategies
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Those two things which a country may use when policy measures (supply side, etc.) are insufficient to achieve macroeconomic objectives, alphabetically
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Controls and Regulations
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Spending by the government on goods and services
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Government Consumption Expenditure/Current Spending
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That the disadvantage of which to less developed countries is that it creates mostly seasonal and unskilled work, may increase demand for imports, may be run by foreign chains possibly repatriating profits, and can damage areas of natural beauty and cultural sites, reducing local quality of life
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Tourism
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That type of policy the effect of a fixed exchange rate on which is that it cannot be used to manipulate the money supply, inflation, or interest rate as this would come at the expense of maintaining the exchange rate
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Monetary Policy
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A situation in which there is stability in prices relative to the government's inflation target
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Monetary Stability
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That virus and subsequent syndrome that has much harmed development in Sub-Saharan Africa by reducing productivity and increasing health expenditure
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HIV and AIDS
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The relationship between the interest rate and borrowing
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Inverse
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Countries with very low income in which a high proportion of the labour force is employed in primary production, such as Afghanistan or the Central African Republic
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Less Developed Countries
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An increase in the available of life sustaining goods and services, the expansion of people's ability to make economic and social choices free from exploitation, dependence, and ignorance, and the enhancement of material well-being and self esteem via higher incomes, more jobs, better education, and more attention to cultural and human values
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Economic Development
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One of the two traditional banking sectors, providing high-street services to depositors (households, small firms, etc.) mainly on a relatively small scale, and providing a distributed branch banking service
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Retail Banks
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A fiscal deficit caused by spending and taxation decisions separate from the position of an economy in the economic cycle, not being linked to said cycle and thus able to exist at full employment
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Structural Deficit
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One of the principal things affected by government expenditure alongside productivity and growth (education, infrastructure, etc.), public-private sector balance, equality, etc.
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Living Standards
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Those countries in which land ownership is a problem as plot sized decline in successive generations due to being divided between sons, subsistence farmers often have no formal deeds to prove ownership as collateral for credit to improve efficiency, where such financial institutions even exist of are active rurally, etc.
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Less Developed Countries
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Those countries the rapid development of which was allowed by export-led growth, foreign investment, investment in human capital and infrastructure, the nurturing of macroeconomic and political stability, buoyant international trade, and a focus on high-demand secondary production
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Asian Tigers
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A rapid flow of assets/money out of a country such as profits in firms in less developed countries being invested abroad where returns are higher
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Capital Flight
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That group of countries which ensured an accumulation of savings and entrepreneurship by encouraging the inward immigration of entrepreneurs and the moving-in of multinational corporations (MNCs)
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Asian Tigers
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