Attention (4)

Selective attention: the ability to ___ on ___ stimuli or locations

Distraction: attending to one thing while ___ others

Divided attention: one stimulus ___ with the processing of another simulus

Attentional capture: a ___ ____ of attention usually caused by a stimulus such as a ___, bright light, or ___ movement

Visual scanning: ___ of the eyes from one location or object to another

Dichotic listening: presenting different stimuli to the ___ and ___ ears

Shadowing: ___ attention on the words in one ear, as you hear the words ___ them out loud

Broadbent's filter model of attention: 1. ___ memory holds all incoming information for a fraction of a second and then ___ all to the ___

2. The filter ___ the message that is being attended to based on its ___ characteristics (speaker's tone of voice, pitch, etc.) and lets only this ___ message pass through to the ___, all other messages are ___ out

3. The detector ___ information from ___ message to determine ___-level characteristics of the message (e.g. meaning), processes all of the information that enters it

4. The output of the detector is sent to ___-term memory, which holds information for 10-15 seconds and also ___ information into ___-term memory, which can hold information ___

Bottleneck model: filter ___ information flow

Early selection model: filter eliminates ___ information right at the ___ of the flow of information, before actual ___

Later selection model: most of the incoming information is processed ot the level of ___ before the message is ___ for extended analysis

Modifying Broadbent's model (CS): typical ___ listening experiment, task was to ___ the attended message "Dear 7 Jane", the unattended ear received the message "9 Aunt 6", participants reported hearing "Dear Aunt Jane" --> took ___ into account

Attenuation model: selection occurs in ___ stages, filter is replaced with an ___

The attenuator ___ the incoming messages in terms of 1. its ___ characteristics, 2. its ___ (how the message groups into syllables or words), 3. its ___ (how sequences of words create ___ phrases)

The final output of the system is determined in the ___ stage, when the message is analyzed by the ___ unit: contains ___ or concepts stored in ___, each of which has a ___ for being activated (e.g. low threshold for own ___)

Processing capacity refer to the ___ of information people can handle and sets a ___ on their ability to process incoming information

Perceptual load is related to the ___ of a task; some tasks (especially ___ ones) have ___ perceptual loads (--> use up only a ___ amount of person's processing ___)

Overt attention: shifting attention from one place to another by moving the ___ - visible for an external observer

Covert attention: shifting attention from one place to another while keeping the eyes ___

Central vision is the ___ you are looking at, peripheral vision is everything off to the ___

Fixation: briefly ___ on an object

Saccadic eye movement: a ___, jerky movement from one fixation to the next

Bottom-up shifting: based on ___ characteristics of the stimuli

Top-down shifting: based on ___ factors such as ___ and past ___

Scanning based on stimulus salience (overt): stimulus salience is the ___ properties of the stimulus, such as color, contrast or movement, can have influence on overt but also covert attention, capturing attention by stimulus salience is a ___ process

Attentional capture: ___ shift of attention due to stimulus ___

Saliency map: a way to determine how saliency influences the way we ___ a scene, typically involves analyzing characteristics such as color, orientation, and intensity at each ___ in the scene and then ___ these values to create a saliency map of the scene

Scanning based on meaning (overt): eye movements are also determined by ___ processes associated with personal ___ and scene schemas (observer's knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes)

Scanning based on task demands (overt): most tasks require attention to different ___ as the task unfolds, thus timing of when people look at specific ___ is determined by the ___ of actions involved in the task

Attention to a location (covert, CS): endogenous cues (appear in the ___ of the screen, indicate where the next target will be, ___) and exogenous cues (appear at one of the ___ where the next target could appear, ___), participants react ___ to the target when their attention was focused on the ___ where it was to appear

Divided attention can be achieved with practice (CS): participants need to carry out two tasks simultaneously, 1. holding information about target stimuli in ___, 2. paying attention to a series of ___ stimuli and determining whether one of the target stimuli is present among these, the more tries of this experiment, the better the performances (not possible with ___ tasks)

Automatic processing: occurs without ___ and at a cost of none or only some of a person's cognitive ___

Inattentional blindness: participants can be unaware of clearly ___ stimuli if they aren't directing their ___ to them

Change blindness: difficulty in detecting ___ in scenes

Binding: process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are ___ to create our perception of a ___ object

Feature integration theory: how do we perceive ___ features as part of the same object?

Preattentive stage: objects are analyzed into ___ features, exist ___ of each other at this stage since each feature is processed in a separate area of the brain

Focused attention stage: features are ___ in the second stage, we then ___ perceive the object

Classic Study: displayed four objects and two black numbers for fraction of a second, participants were told to ___ numbers first and then the objects, in 18% of the trials the participants reported seeing objects that were made up of a ___ of features from two different stimuli (illusory conjunctions). In a repitition, the participants were told to ___ the black numbers --> no illusory conjunctions

Feature search: find target object by looking for a ___ feature (e.g. horizontal)

Conjunction search: find target object by looking for a ___ of multiple features (e.g. green horizontal)