Cognitive Neuroscience (2)

Cognitive neuroscience is the study of the ___ basis of cognition

Neuron doctrine is the idea that ___ cells transmit ___ in the nervous system and that these cells are ___ with other cells

Cell body: the metabolic ___ of the neuron, it contains mechanisms to keep the cell ___

Dendrites: ___ out ___ the cell body to ___ signals from other neurons

Axons: long processes that ___ signals ___ other neurons

Synapse: small ___ between the end of a neuron's ___ and the ___ of another neurons

Neural circuits: neurons are not conneced ___ but form connections only to ___ neurons --> groups of ___ neurons, which together form neural circuits

Receptors: neurons that are ___ to pick up information from the ___

Resting Potential: ___ in the neuron of -70mV

Action Potential: when nerve ___ is transmitted down the ___, the charge inside the ___ rises to +40mV, then charge reverses course and becomes negative again, lasts for 1 millisecond, travels all the way down the axon without changing ___/___

Neurotransmitter: when action potentials reach the ___ at the end of the axon, a chemical called a neurotransmitter is released, which transmits the signal across the synapse to another neuron

Synaptic transmission is ___ and not ___, this is the moment at which signals can be ___ and ___

___ and ___ of action potentials are consistent, but ___ rate can change (how close nerve impulses are together) --> the magnitude of experiences is related to the firing rate

Principle of neural representation: everything a person ___ is based not on ___ contact with stimuli, but on ___ in the person's nervous system

Representation by single neurons in the visual system (CS): presented visual stimuli to cats to see which ___ cause a specific ___ to fire, each ___ in the visual area of the cortex responded to a ___ type of stimulation presented to a small area of the retina --> feature detectors

Feature detectors are in the ___ cortex, a tree for example is represented by the ___ respones of many feature detectors

Representation by neurons (CS): recorded ___ from individual ___ in a monkey's temporal lobe while a variety of different ___ were presented on a screen, those neurons reacted to ___ stimuli

Neurons in the visual cortex respond to ___ stimuli like ___

Neurons in the temporal lobe respond to ___ geometrical stimuli

Neurons in another area of the ___ lobe respond to ___ shapes or ___

Hierarchical processing: neurons in the ___ cortex send their axons to ___ levels of the visual system, where signals from many neurons ___ and ___. These then send signals to even higher areas, etc.

Sensory coding: how neurons represent various characteristics of the ___

Specifity coding: an object is represented by the firing of a ___ neuron that responds to only that object

Population coding: an object is represented by the firing of a ___ number of neurons

Sparse coding: an object is represented by the firing of only a ___ group of neurons, with the majority of neurons remaining silent

Localization: specific functions are served by specific ___ of the brain

Cerebral cortex: layer of tissue about 3mm thick that ___ the brain, most of the cognitive functions are served by this

Broca's area: area in the ___ ___ lobe, specialized for ___ (producing ___)

Wernicke's area: area in the ___ lobe, responsible for language ___

Occipital lobe: at the ___ of the head, ___ cortex which receives signals from our ___ is in the temporal lobe

Temporal lobe: ___ cortex which receives signals from the ___ and is responsible for ___, areas in the ___ temporal lobe are associated with the processing of ___ visual information

Parietal lobe: ___ cortex which receives signals from the ___ and is responsible for perceptions of ___, pressure and ___

Frontal lobe: receives signals from all of the ___ and is responsible for ___ of the senses, higher cognitive functions like ___ and problem ___

Double dissociation: occurs if damage to one area of the brain causes function A to be ___ while function B is ___, and damage to another area causes function B to be ___ while function A is ___

fMRI (function magnetic resonance imaging): takes advantage of the fact that blood flow ___ in areas of the brain ___ by a cognitive task, haemoglobin molecules carries oxygen, which has ___ properties. Haemoglobin molecules lose some of the oxygen in areas of ___ brain activity --> makes haemoglobin more magnetic. Thus, the fMRI apparatus determines the ___ activity of various areas of the brain by detecting changes in the ___ response of the haemoglobin

Fusiform face area (FFA): activated by looking at pictures of __

Parahippocampal place area (PPA): activated by perceiving pictures representing ___ and ___ scenes

Extrastriate body area (EBA): activated by pictures of (parts of) ___, but not by ___

Distributed representation: the idea that specific ___ functions activate ___ areas of the brain (there is more to a face than just recognizing it)

Neural Networks: ___ of neurons that are ___