Experiments

Donders: How long does it take to make a decision? Measured ___ reaction time vs. ___ reaction time to infer time for ___--> mental responses must be inferred from ___

Ebbinghaus: What is the time course of forgetting? Measured savings = ___ time to learn the list - time to ___ the list after a delay --> ___ curve

Skinner's operant conditioning: introduced ___ to increase a behavior

Representation by single neurons in the visual system (Hubel & Wiesel): presented ___ stimuli to cats, observed which ___ caused a specific ___ in the visual cortex to fire --> responded to specific stimuli; ___ detectors (oriented bar, oriented moving bar, short moving bar)

Representation by neurons (Gross et. al): recorded ___ from single ___ in a monkey's ___ lobe while a variety of different stimuli were presented, responded to ___ stimuli like shadows of hands or other complex shapes

Perceiving objects (Oliva & Torrabla): idea; ASK/456 --> S vs. 5. task was to ___ a blurred object in a scene ("blob"), were ___ in all pictures but was perceived as ___ objects depending on ___

Taking regularities of the environment into account (Palmer): presented ___ scene (kitchen) and then ___ flashed one of the target pictures, observers correctly identified an object like a loaf of bread that ___ into the scene schema but not necessarily a mailbox

Experience-dependent plasticity (Blakemore & Cooper): kittens reared in vertical environment had lack of ___ to horizontals --> kitten's brain had been ___ to respond best to its environment

Illusion experiments (Ebbinghaus): judged central circle to be smaller but anticipatory grip aperture was not affected by this ---> perception- and action-pathway act ___

Dear Aunt Jane (Gray & Wedderburn): took ___ into account in dichotic listening experiment

Lavie: How do people ignore distracting stimuli? People had to find N or K, if task was easy they had a ___ reaction time than if the task was hard, but if there was a distracting stimuli, the reaction time for the easy task ___ more than for the hard task (in ___-load task, more processing ___ available for distractors than if ressources are all used up by ___-load task)

Attention to a location (Posner, Nissen & Ogden): endogenous cues (appear in ___ of the screen, indicates where target will be, ___-___ process) and exogenous cues (appear at ___ where the target could appear, ___-___ process) --> participants react more ___ with exogenous cues than endogenous cues

Divided attention (Schneider & Shiffrin): ___ processing possible with practice

Sperling's experiment: a) whole report method; person saw ___ 12 letters and had to report as many as possible --> 4.5/12, b) partial report; person saw ___ 12 letters but immediately after they were turned off, a tone indicated which ___ the person was to report --> 3.3/4, c) same as b) but with a delay --> 1/4

Duration of STM (Peterson & Peterson): participants should recall 3-letter groups after 3 vs. 18 seconds, in first trial only ___ difference, but ___ of the trials revealed bigger difference --> ___ inference

Semantic Coding (Wickens, Dalezman & Eggemeier): Fruits group (4 trials, each fruits) vs. professions group (4 trials, 3 professions and 1 fruit), fruit group succeeded only in first trial but professions group in first and last --> proactive interference was ___ in the professions group because the categories ___