Perception (3)

Perception: ___ resulting from stimulation of the ___, can change based on added ___, can involve a process similar to ___ or problem ___, can be based on a perceptual ___

Inverse projection problem: task of determining the object ___ for a particular ___ on the retina (rectangular page on retina could have been created by a rectangular page, tilted trapezoid, a much larger rectangle that is a bit further away, etc.)

Viewpoint invariance: the ability to ___ an object seen from different ___, images of objects are continually ___, depending on the ___ from which they are viewed

Bottom-up processing: sequence of events from ___ to ___, starts at the "bottom" of the system, when ___ energy stimulates the receptors, perception is built on a ___ of information from the ___ (senses, etc.)

Top-down processing: processing that originates in the ___, at the "top" of the perceptual system, perception also involves factors (person's ___ of the environment, ___ people bring to the situation)

Perceiving objects (CS): task was to ___ a blurred object in a scene (the "blob"), blobs were ___ in all the pictures, results; perception of blobs as ___ objects, depends on its orientation and the ___ within which the blob was presented

Speech segmentation: your ___ of the language enables you to hear when one word ___ and the next one ___ (___-___ processing)

Direct pathway model: ___ occurs when receptors in the skin (nociceptors) are stimulated and ___ their signals in a ___ pathway from the skin to the brain

Likelihood principle: we perceive the object that is most ___ to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

Unconscious inference: our perceptions are the result of unconscious ___ we make about the environment

Helmholtz' theory of unconscious inference: process of perceiving what is most ___ to have caused the pattern on the retina happens rapidly and ___, results in perceptions that seem ___

Gestalt principles of organization: explain the way elements are ___ together to create ___ objects, the whole is more than the sum of its parts, perception is determined by specific ___ principles

Principle of Good Continuation: objects that are ___ by other objects are perceived as ___ behind the ___ object

Principle of Good Figure: objects will take on the ___ and most ___ structure permitted by the given conditions

Principle of Similarity: similar things appear to be ___ together

Where do these organizing principles come from? Principles as intrinsic laws (implies that they are ___ into the ___) vs. as experience (our knowledge of the ___ enables us to determine what is most ___ to have created the pattern on the retina)

Physical regularities: ___ occuring ___ properties of the environment

Oblique effect: people can perceive ___ and ___ more easily than other orientations

Semantic regularities: the characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of ___

Bayesian Inference: our estimate of the ___ of an outcome is determined by the ___ probability, which is our ___ belief about the ___ of an outcome, and the ___ of the outcome, which is the extent to which the available ___ is consistent with the outcome

Experience-dependent plasticity: the brain is ___ by its exposure to the ___ to perceive more efficiently

Kitten CS: kitten were reared in an environment consisting only of verticals, had a lack of ___ to horizontals; visual cortex had been ___ in a way that it contained neurons that responded mainly to verticals and no neurons that responded to horizontals

Movements / interaction with objects ___ perceiving objects in the environment more accurately

Object discrimination problem (what): monkey was shown one object, then two-choice task which included the target object and another ___, if the monkey pushed aside the ___ object, it received food reward, became very difficult when ___ lobes were removed

Landmark discrimination problem (where): monkey received food if it picked the food well ___ to the cone, became very difficult when ___ lobes were removed

What pathway (responsible for determining an object's ___) vs. Where pathway (responsible for determining an object's ___), can operate quite ___ from each other

Perception pathway (leading from visual cortex to the ___ lobe) vs. Action pathway (leading from visual cortex to ___ lobe)

Ebbhinghaus illusion experiments (CS): while participants' object ___ was misled by the size of the surrounding circuits, their vision-for-___ system was not