Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine

Year

Citation

Nationality

Answer

1901

“for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths”

Germany

1902

“for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it”

U.K.

1903

“in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science”

Faroe Islands

1904

“in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged”

Russia

1905

“for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis”

Germany

1906

“in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system”

Italy

Spain

1907

“in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases”

France

1908

“in recognition of their work on immunity”

Russia

Germany

1909

“for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland”

Switzerland

1910

"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"

Germany

1911

"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"

Sweden

1912

“in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs”

France

1913

“in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis”

1914

“for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus”

Austria-Hungary

1919

"for his discoveries relating to immunity"

Belgium

1920

"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"

Denmark

1922

"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"

U.K.

"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"

Germany

1923

"for the discovery of insulin"

Canada

U.K.

1924

"for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"

Netherlands

1926

"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"

Denmark

1927

"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"

Austria

1928

"for his work on typhus"

France

1929

"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"

Netherlands

"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"

U.K.

1930

"for his discovery of human blood groups"

Austria/U.S.

1931

"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"

Germany

1932

"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"

U.K.

1933

"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"

U.S.

1934

"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"

U.S.

1935*

“for his[/her] discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development”

Germany

1936

"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"

U.K.

Germany

1937

"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"

Hungary

1938

"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"

Belgium

1939

"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"

Germany

1943

"for his discovery of vitamin K"

Denmark

"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"

U.S.

1944

"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"

U.S.

1945

"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"

U.K.

Australia

1946

"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"

U.S.

1947

"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"

Czechoslovakia/U.S.

"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"

Argentina

1948

"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"

Switzerland

1949

"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"

Switzerland

"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses"

Portugal

1950

"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"

U.S.

Poland/Switzerland

1951

"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"

South Africa/U.S.

1952

"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"

U.S.

1953

"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"

West Germany/U.K.

"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"

U.S.

1954

"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"

U.S.

1955

"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"

Sweden

1956

"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"

France/U.S.

West Germany

U.S.

1957

"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"

Switzerland/Italy

1958

"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"

U.S.

"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"

1959

"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"

U.S.

Spain/U.S.

1960

"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"

Australia

U.K.

1961

"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"

Hungary

1962*

"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"

U.K.

U.S.

New Zealand/U.K.

U.K.

1963

"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"

Australia

U.K.

1964

"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"

U.S.

West Germany

1965

"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"

France

1966

"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"

U.S.

"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"

Canada/U.S.

1967

"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"

Finland/Sweden

U.S.

1968

"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"

U.S.

India/U.S.

U.S.

1969

"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"

U.S.

Italy/U.S.

1970

"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"

U.S.

Sweden

West Germany/U.K.

1971

"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"

U.S.

1972

"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"

U.S.

U.K.

1973

"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"

Austria

Netherlands

1974

"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"

Belgium/U.S.

Belgium

Romania/U.S.

1975

"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"

U.S.

Italy/U.S.

Year

Citation

Nationality

Answer

1975

"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"

U.S.

1976

"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"

U.S.

1977

"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"

France/U.S.

U.S.

"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"

1978

"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"

Switzerland

U.S.

1979

"for the development of computer assisted tomography"

South Africa/U.S.

U.K.

1980

"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"

Venezuela/U.S.

France

U.S.

1981

"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"

U.S.

"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"

Sweden

1982

"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"

Sweden

U.K.

1983

"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"

U.S.

1984

"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"

Denmark

West Germany

Argentina

1985

"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"

U.S.

1986

"for their discoveries of growth factors"

U.S.

Italy

1987

"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"

Japan

1988

"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"

U.K.

U.S.

1989

"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"

U.S.

1990

"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"

U.S.

1991

"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"

Germany

1992

"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"

Switzerland/U.S.

U.S.

1993

"for their discoveries of split genes"

U.K.

U.S.

1994

"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"

U.S.

1995

"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"

U.S.

Germany

U.S.

1996

"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"

Australia

Switzerland

"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"

U.S.

1998

"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"

U.S.

1999

"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"

U.S.

2000

"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"

Sweden

U.S.

Austria/U.S.

2001

"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"

U.S.

U.K.

2002

"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"

South Africa

U.S.

U.K.

2003

"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"

U.S.

U.K.

2004

"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"

U.S.

2005

"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"

Australia

2006

"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"

U.S.

2007

"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."

Italy/U.S.

U.K.

U.K./U.S.

2008

"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer"

Germany

"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"

France

2009

"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"

Australia/U.S.

U.S.

Canada/U.S.

2010

"for the development of in vitro fertilization"

U.K.

2011

"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"

U.S.

France

“for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity”

Canada

2012

"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"

U.K.

Japan

2013

"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"

U.S.

Germany/U.S.

2014

"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"

U.S./U.K.

Norway

2015

"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites"

Ireland/U.S.

Japan

China

2016

"for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy"

Japan

2017

"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"

U.S.

2018

"for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation"

U.S.

Japan

2019

"for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability"

U.S.

U.K.

U.S.

2020

"for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus"

U.S.

U.K.

U.S.

2021

"for the discovery of receptors for temperature and touch"

U.S.

Lebanon/U.S.

2022

"for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution"

Sweden

2023

"for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19"

Hungary/U.S.

U.S.

2024

"for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation"

U.S.

2025

"for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance"

U.S.

Japan