A Quiz About Islam

The only verb that comes close is takabbara which means "behaved arrogantly", but the consonants are too different to get mixed up.

And there is a "h" sound at the end of Madinah. The ة is not silent. There is a reason it has that shape, it is a ه with the dots of a ت. If you stop on this letter, you read it like an English "h", but if you continue speaking you read it like a "t". In a middle of an Arabic sentence, you would hear al-madinatu, al-madinata or al-madinati (depending on the grammatical case), and you would hear al-madinah if it is at the end of the sentence, or in isolation. In English, it is only normal to use Madinah as we are not in an Arabic sentence.

Other meanings also exist in the Qur'an, like preaching or doing good deeds, but they are rare. The meaning of struggle against one's inner soul is also found in some hadiths, it's not a recent interpretation, but it's true that some recent apologists paint it as being the primary meaning of jihad, which is wrong.

There is no such thing as "exterminating the infidels" and go read the definition of hypocrite in a dictionary. According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad was primarily a prophet. Being a political leader was secondary, and he waged war as a prophet, to expand Islam, not as a warlord.