The former capital of the Ottoman Empire was the former capital of the Byzantine Empire. Now it's the former capital of the Ottoman Empire not the former capital of the Byzantine Empire. Been a long time gone, former capital of the Byzantine Empire. Now it's Turkish Delight on a moonlit night.
It also wasn't Leningrad until 1924. From 1914-1924 St. Petersburg was Petrograd, so Petrograd should work (I didn't try it so I don't know if it does).
I'm unsure what you think a comment section is for, if not to comment on the quiz. I swear, people go out of their way to criticise kalbahamut. Sure, there are plenty times when it is valid, but this comment is hardly one of them.
A very good quiz! But I have one comment - Munich should not really be there. It is still the capital of Bavaria, as it has been for centuries. You might argue that Bavaria is not a sovereign country any more, but the fact is that it has, officially, practically never been one. It has almost always been a member state of some larger political entity, most prominently the Holy Roman Empire and the German Empire (which periods are covered in your specification). During the latter, Bavaria's autonomy was not significantly larger than it is now in federal Germany (the obvious exception being that it still had its own king). If Munich 1914 counts as Bavaria's capital, then, so must Munich 2014.
As an afterthought - this problem can be easily removed by changing the hint to Electorate/Kingdom of Bavaria (just like you did with the Duchy of Tuscany).
As far as I know Munich has been the captial of every body of land that was called Bavaria, and Bavaria did not simply stop existing, but kept being Bavaria.
Nope, Ho Chi Minh City was never the name of a place in South Vietnam. Saigon was the capital until South Vietnam ceased to exist and the victors changed the name to celebrate "Uncle Ho".
I had no idea certain cities (like Munich/Lagos/Krakow) were ever capitals, but I was able to guess them anyway. 20/24! I should've gotten Agra too though.
Portugal's kind of a weird case. Rio was the capital from 1808-1821, then they moved it to Lisbon for about ten years. Then they moved it to Angra do Heroísmo in 1830. And then they moved it back to Lisbon.
Avignon was never really the "capital" of the Roman Catholic Church. Even the popes who ruled from there talked about their court as the "Roman Court" and called themselves "Bishops of Rome." People still talked about "appealing to Rome" in these years. It was a court in self-imposed exile, but no one thought that the seat of the Catholic Church had really moved there.
Cool quiz. Been to Avignon, the palace of the popes is quite an amazing structure. The whole period of time reminded me of the false dimitryiads (time of sorrow) in Russian history.
Suggestions: easy -- Gniezno is another capital of Poland for a couple hundred years prior to Krakow. Harder -- when I lived on the east coast, I was told in addition to Philly and NYC that Baltimore and Annapolis were at some point considered a capital of the US. I think Baltimore is sketchy, temporary capital at best, but Annapolis has a decent claim: https://www.history.com/news/8-forgotten-capitals-of-the-united-states
Suggestions: easy -- Gniezno is another capital of Poland for a couple hundred years prior to Krakow. Harder -- when I lived on the east coast, I was told in addition to Philly and NYC that Baltimore and Annapolis were at some point considered a capital of the US. I think Baltimore is sketchy, temporary capital at best, but Annapolis has a decent claim: https://www.history.com/news/8-forgotten-capitals-of-the-united-states
"Can you guess these cities that were once the capital of an independent nation?"
Aden, capital of the former state of South Yemen, and Dar es Salaam, the former capital of Tanzania, would work well too.