APUSH Vocab (Chapters 2 - 7)

The owning of human beings as property able to be bought, sold, given, and inherited

Colonies in which colonists sought to replicate, or at least approximate, economies and social structures

A grant of Indian labor in Spanish America given in the 16th century by the Spanish kings to prominent men

Racial and social hierarchy in South America

The massive global exchange of people, animals, plants, and diseases, between the Eastern and Western worlds

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

America's first elected legislature, established in Jamestown in 1619

Land owned in its entirety, without feudal dues or landlord obligations

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years.

English separatists who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

A type of business that is owned and run by one natural person and there is no legal distinction between owner and business

A colony under the direct control of a monarch

A colony founded as a grant of land by the king to an individual or group of individuals

A colony subsidized by a private corporation

Attacks on New England colonies by Indians in 1674-75. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades.

Uprising by Indians against their Spanish colonizers in New Mexico; only successful Indian rebellion.

King Charles I subdivided Virginia colony land; chartered a new colony located on either side of the Chesapeake Bay and granted control of it to him as a reward for his loyal service to the crown

First governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630.

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island

King of Spain who failed to invade England with the Spanish Armada

A group of religious pacifists who were persecuted in Europe.

Laws that required all goods to and from the colonies be transported on British ships, limited American production, and duties on coastal trade

Freedom of religion for Catholics in Maryland.

The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor

James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

The adaptation of stateless peoples to the demands imposed on them by neighboring states.

A trade system that brought wealth to Europe, and economic, political human tragedies to Africa; trade of slaves, sugar, and tobacco.

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

A slave rebellion that commenced on 9 September 1739, in the colony of South Carolina. It was the largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies

An armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers against the rule of Governor William Berkeley.

A class of wealthy English landholders who lacked the social privileges and titles of nobility.

British economic policy that allowed Americans to govern their own trade because it also benefited Britain.

A system in which benefits are granted in exchange for political support.

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

A former military officer appointed by James II as governor of the Dominion of New England and empowering him to abolish the existing legislative assemblies.

Became King of England after abdication of James II

Wrote Two Treatises on Government as justification of Glorious Revolution and end of absolutism in England. He argued that man is born good and has rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people enter social contract to create government with limited powers. If a government did not protect these rights or exceeded its authority, he believed the people have the right to revolt.

Largest proponent of salutary neglect

Served as Virginia Colony's official agent in London where he opposed increasing the power of royal governors. Was elected to House of Burgesses and served on Virginia Governor's council.

The rental of property.

The ability of a family to keep a household solvent and independent and to pass that ability on to the next generation.

Someone who settles on land he or she does not own or rent. Many eighteenth century settlers established themselves on land before it was surveyed and entered for sale, requesting the first right to purchase the land when sales began.

An 18th century philosophical movement that emphasized the use of reason to reevaluate previously accepted doctrines and traditions and the power of reason to understand and shape the world.

A Christian revival moment characterized by Bible study, the conversion experience, and the individual's personal relationship with God.

The Enlightenment-influenced belief that the Christian God created the universe and then left it to run according to natural laws.

The rights to life, liberty, and property.

Conservative ministers opposed to the passion displayed by evangelical preachers

Evangelical preachers, many influenced by John Wesley and George Whitefield.

An increase in consumption in English manufactures in Britain and the British colonies fueled by the industrial revolution.

Land-owning protestors who organized in North and South Carolina in the 1760's and 1770's to demand that the eastern-controlled government provide western districts with more courts, fairer taxation, and greater representation in the assembly.

His work undermined the traditional Christian understanding of the cosmos.

Was the exemplar of the American Enlightenment. Founded the Pennsylvania Gazette. Became a deist. Popularized the practical outlook of the Enlightenment in Poor Richard's Almanack.

English minister that transformed the local revivals of Edward and the Tennants into a great Awakening.

Architect of the British war effort in the Great War for Empire

Ottawa chief who wanted the French to return, led a major uprising at Detroit.

Purpose was to raise revenue. Duties were placed on sugar and molasses imported into the North American colonies from the West Indies. Enacted 1764.

Special administrative courts mandated by British rule that were presided over by British judges and had no jury.

Required all legal documents, licenses, commercial contracts, newspapers, pamphlets, and playing cards to carry a tax stamp. This was the first direct tax to be paid by buyers in the colonies. Enacted 1765

Grenville's claim that the colonists had this in British Parliament because MPs represented all British citizens.

In order to be taxed by Parliament, the Americans rightly should have actual legislators seated and voting in London

Required colonists to provide food and living quarters for British troops. Enacted 1765

It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament; the first sign of colonial unity and organized resistance.

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept.

Proclaimed that Parliament had a right to tax and make colonial laws "in all cases whatsoever." Enacted 1766

Called for the suspension of the New York Assembly for defiance of the Quartering Act. Placed import duties on tea, glass, and paper. Revenue raised was to be used to pay crown officials. Enacted 1767.

Organized refusals to deal with some person, organization, or product.

 

Law passed by parliament forcing the colonies to only buy tea from the British East India company and then taxing that tea.

The port of Boston was closed. Reduced the power of Massachusetts legislature. Royal officials were to be tried in England. Expanded the Quartering Act. Led to the call for the First Continental Congress. Enacted 1774.

 

Ben Franklin's plan to unite the 13 colonies in 1754 that aimed to unite them for government, trade, and military purposes. Rejected by the colonies.

Delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia in 1774 to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts. Sent a petition to King George III and urged a boycott of British imports

Delegates in 1775 organized the Continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence.

Virginia-led attack on the Shawnee Indians of Kentucky, removing the last obstacle to colonial conquest of that area.

Resolution created by the continental congress, which broke all ties with the independent states of America and the British government and crown

Belief that people should govern themselves without a monarch

 

Patriots forced British troops under Burgoyne to surrender in this battle after several costly engagements

After launching an unsuccessful Patriot attack against the British on October 4 at Germantown, Washington spent the winter here.

American and French forces descended from different directions in a joint operational tactic, and caught Cornwallis between land and sea, where he surrendered his whole army

Treaty that gave the colonists clear cut independence and a large cession of territory and ended the Revolutionary War

The first Constitution of the U.S. from 1781-1788. Established a loose confederation of largely independent states with limited powers vested in the central government. It set up a national legislature called Congress, consisting of delegates from the states. Each state had one vote in Congress, regardless of its size or population. Reflecting the Americans distrust of centralized authority, they gave the central government no power to levy or collect taxes, regulate interstate commerce, or interfere with the states. There was no national executive or president and no supreme court. The few powers assigned to Congress included declaration of war and peace, maintenance of an army, and coinage of money. Amending them required a unanimous vote of Congress.

Outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory

Laid out process by which land was sold

Provided a method to admit states to the union

New England farmers staged rebellion in order to decrease taxation and to keep courts from sitting and sheriffs from selling confiscated property

This plan, written by James Madison, called for the establishment of a national government. It specified a bicameral legislature with membership proportional to population, voting in the legislature by individuals, and a president and courts chosen by the legislature.

This plan was a counterproposal to the Virginia Plan. It enlarged the powers of Congress to include the right to levy taxes, and regulate commerce. It defined congressional laws and treaties as the "supreme law of the land" and it had separate executive and judicial branches.

They were usually wealthy, educated, property owning men, who believed in a strong, centralized federal government, and supported the Constitution.

Loose alliance of politicians and citizens who supported strong state governments and opposed ratification of the Constitution.

Commander-in-Chief of the continental military and first President of the USA

Led hundreds of British ships and 32,000 British soldiers to New York

General who surrounded the British force and forced Burgoyne to surrender at Saratoga in October 1777

Man who financed the American Revolution

Foreign military expert that helped train Washington's troops from France; helped US gain aid from France.

Foreign military expert that helped train Washington's troops from Germany

Advocate for women's rights; felt men and women should be educated equally

He was a delegate from Virginia and was considered the "Father of the Constitution."

Organized the federal legal system, establishing the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general.

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Alexander Hamilton's 1790 report recommending that the federal government should assume all state debts and fund the national debt

Alexander Hamilton's 1790 report calling for the establishment of a central bank

A proposal by treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton in 1791 calling for the federal government to urge the expansion of American manufacturing while imposing tariffs on foreign imports.

A proclamation issued by President George Washington in 1793, allowing US citizens to trade with all belligerents in the war between France and Great Britain.

A 1789 revolution in France that was initially welcomed by most Americans because it abolished feudalism and established a constitutional monarchy, but eventually came to seem too radical to many.

A political faction in the French Revolution. Many Americans embraced their democratic ideology.

A 1794 uprising by farmers in western Pennsylvania in response to enforcement of an unpopular excise tax on whiskey.

A 1795 treaty accepted Britain's right to stop neutral ships. In return, it allowed Americans to submit claims for illegal seizures and required the British to remove their troops and Indian agents from the Northwest Territory.

At its end, Haiti became a free, independent nation in which former slaves were citizens.

A 1797 incident in which American negotiators in France were rebuffed for refusing to pay a substantial bribe. The incident led the US into an undeclared war that curtailed American trade with the French West Indies.

Lengthened residency requirement for citizenship

Authorized deportation of foreigners

Prohibited the publication of insults or malicious attacks on the president or members of Congress.

Tested the idea that state legislatures could judge the constitutionality of federal laws and nullify them.

A 1795 treaty between the US and various Indian tribes in Ohio. American negotiators acknowledged Indian ownership of the land, and, in return for various payments, the Western Confederacy ceded most of Ohio to the US.

Supreme Court assumed legal authority to overrule acts of other branches of the government, established judicial review

The 1803 purchase of French territory west of the Mississippi River that stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada.

An act of Congress that prohibited US ships from traveling to foreign ports and effectively banned overseas trade in an attempt to deter Britain from halting US ships at sea

An attack on Shawnee Indians at Prophetstown on the Tippecanoe River in 1811 by American forces headed by William Henry Harrison.

Treaty that ended the War of 1812

A Supreme Court case that asserted the dominance of national over state statutes.

An 1819 treaty in which John Quincy Adams persuaded Spain to cede the Florida territory to the United States.

The 1823 declaration by President James Monroe that the Western Hemisphere was closed to any further colonization or interference by European powers.

Appointed by George Washington as secretary of the treasury. He devised bold policies to enhance national authority and to assist financiers and merchants. Leader of the federalists

He spoke for southern planters and western farmers and embraced the optimism of the Enlightenment. Leader of the Republicans

President who continued Hamilton's pro-British foreign policy and strongly criticized French seizures of American merchant ships.

Three principles informed his jurisprudence: judicial authority, the supremacy of national laws, and traditional property rights. He used the Constitution to uphold Federalist notions of property rights.

Shawnee war chief who revived the Western Confederacy in 1809. Was trying to mobilize western Indians for war.

He pushed legislation through Congress creating the Second Bank of the United States and persuaded President Madison to sign it.

Thanks to him the United States had successfully asserted its diplomatic leadership in the Western Hemisphere and won international acceptance of its northern and western boundaries.