Question
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Answer
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Give two reasons why Gordon’s orders are seen as contradictory? (2)
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Foreign office orders muddled
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What did Gordon do to make himself a celebrity in Britain (before Khartoum) (1)
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Ended the Taiping rebellion
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What did Gordon do to make himself a celebrity in Britain (before Khartoum) (2)
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Dedicated to improving the lives of young boys in his hometown
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What did Gordon do to make himself a celebrity in Britain (before Khartoum) (3)
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Thought he found various religious sites
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What did Gordon do to make himself a celebrity in Britain (before Khartoum) (4)
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Effective in Crimea
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Why might Gordon not have wanted to evacuate the garrison at Khartoum? (1)
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Wanted to end slave trade
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Why might Gordon not have wanted to evacuate the garrison at Khartoum? (2)
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Hatred for Mahdi
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Why might Gordon not have wanted to evacuate the garrison at Khartoum? (3)
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Thought he was doing God’s work
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Why might Gordon not have wanted to evacuate the garrison at Khartoum? (4)
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Did not believe Britain should leave the Sudan
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How late was Gladstone’s relief expedition, which failed to rescue Gordon?
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2 Days
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What nickname did Gladstone earn for failing to rescue Gordon?
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Murdered of Gordon
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True or false. Gladstone changed his mind immediately after Gordon’s death, and ordered the reconquest of the Sudan.
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False
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Name an important General who was inspired by Gordon.
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Kitchener
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Name a way in which Gordon’s legacy made a lasting impression on the British public.
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Desire to avenge Gordon
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When did the Mahdi die?
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6 Months after the siege of Khartoum
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How did the Mahdi die?
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Typhus
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He saw his death coming. What did he do?
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Appointed 3 lieutenants to rule in his stead
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In what year did Lord Salisbury order the reconquest of Sudan?
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1896
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What did he worry the French were trying to do?
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Control the source of the Nile
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What was the second concern expressed by Salisbury?
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The resurgent Mahdist forces
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What happened to the Italians in 1896 that further convinced Salsbury that a show of European force in Africa was necessary?
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Defeated at the battle of Awadh
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Where was Kitchener heading (initially)?
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Dongola
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What kind of tactics was Kitchener ordered to use?
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Slow & steady
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What was Kitchener ordered to do with his supply lines?
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Never stretch or break them
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When did Britain declare the whole of the Nile Valley to be within her “sphere of influence”?
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1890
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Who was ok with this?
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Germans and all other nations
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Who was not?
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France
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What were the competing British and French objectives in Africa?
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Britain to link colonies in north to south, French to link east to west
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Where did the British and French meet?
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Fashoda
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Who was in charge of the 120 strong French detachment?
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Major Marchand
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What were Kitchener’s sealed orders, which he read when he encountered this group?
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Control the Nile Valley
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What did both sides agree to do?
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Refer the issue to London and Paris respectively
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How did Kitchener diffuse the situation?
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Left the French flag in place
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What did they do, instead of going to War?
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Had a party
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Why did France eventually back down after Fashoda? (1)
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Internal political struggles
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Why did France eventually back down after Fashoda? (2)
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British naval dominance
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How was Kitchener different to Gordon?
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Very methodical and by the book
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Which two Madhist bases did Kitchener capture in 1896?
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Ferkeh and Atbara
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What did Salisbury do as a result of these victories?
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Extended the initial objective of Dongola to the whole of the Sudan
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What did Kitchener hold in Khartoum?
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A funeral for Gordon
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What did he do with the remains of the Mahdi?
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Threw the bones in the Nile and kept his skull
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How did Parliament and Baring feel about these actions?
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Unacceptable, ordered tomb resealed
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What was was Kitchener given command in, which he held until his death?
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WW1
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What is his most controversial act? (not needed for the spec but certainly worth knowing!)
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Invented concentration camps
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Which new weapon of war did the British have with them as they approached Omdurman in 1898?
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Maxim gun
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How many Mahdi died in the ensuing battle?
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10,000
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How many British died at Omdurman?
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47
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How did Churchill feel about this battle?
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Did not like it, found Kitchener merciless
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What does the treatment of the French at Fashoda and the treatment of the Mahdi at Omdurman show?
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Vast difference between how the British treated white people vs black people
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