Selected Former and Historic Capitals of Europe

Being more of a Romantic than not, I felt like making an exploration and instruction of a little bit of European History. Let's undertake a slight tribute to capital cities of the past shall, we? These cities were the capitals of duchies (grand or otherwise), kingdoms, margravates, principalities, republics, voivodeships, etc. With only a few exceptions, these are all from the 2nd millennium CE onwards (1000 CE - on). Also, these are all either in continental Europe or on a Mediterranean island. With 2 exceptions, none of these are in any of the former Soviet Republics - trying to keep this quiz from being too unwieldly. None of these cities are still capitals of any nations, although some are still provincial/state capitals. As a history buff, I am a novice. So if any more advanced historians feel that there are significant omissions here, my apologies, and please feel free to make your own quiz! INSTRUCTIONS: You will see 5 columns: 1) Current country the city is in; 2) Former entity/territory city was a capital of; 3) Time during which the city was the capital; and 4) Current population of that city or its metro/urban area. These are all multiple hints to help you get your 5) Answer. Source: All over bunches of Wikipedia pages.