Interest / Branch | Nationality | Main Contribution(s) | Philosopher | % Correct |
---|---|---|---|---|
Metaphysics | Greek | Founded the Academy; helped people recognise what it means to be virtuous | Plato | 93%
|
Biology | Greek | Invented the field of formal logic | Aristotle | 88%
|
Epistemology | Greek | His technique for arguing a point; and interest in ethics | Socrates | 86%
|
Mathematics | Greek | Theorem related to right-angled triangles | Pythagoras | 85%
|
Ethics | Chinese | Wanted to make education broadly available | Confucius | 79%
|
Political Philosophy | German | Founded communism | Karl Marx | 68%
|
Aesthetics | German | "God is dead" | Friedrich Nietzsche | 66%
|
Aesthetics | German | Taught that without human freedom, moral responsibility would be impossible | Immanuel Kant | 62%
|
Epistemology | French | Invented analytical geometry, and made skepticism an essential part of the scientific method | René Descartes | 56%
|
Epistemology | English | Known as the 'father of liberalism' | John Locke | 47%
|
Epistemology | British | Conceived of philosophy as the experimental science of human nature | David Hume | 45%
|
Neo-Confucianism | Chinese | Stated that the difference between good and evil is intuitive knowledge, and not rational. | Wang Yangming | 44%
|
Political Philosophy | Genevan | Formulated of social contract theory, which hugely influenced the French Revolution | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | 43%
|
Epistemology | French | His system of existentialism, describing humans' freedom and responsibilities | Jean-Paul Sartre | 43%
|
Political Philosophy | Italian | Argued that people in power should use deception, force, and manipulation to achieve their ends | Niccolò Machiavelli | 43%
|
Neo-Confucianism | Chinese | Contributed greatly to Chinese philosophy and fundamentally reshaped the Chinese worldview | Zhu Xi | 43%
|
Epistemology | German | Developed a dialectical scheme that emphasized the progress of history | Georg Hegel | 40%
|
Epistemology | Danish | The first existential philosopher; criticised organised religion | Søren Kierkegaard | 40%
|
Logic | American | His naturalistic, empiricist, and behaviourist philosophical outlook | Willard Van Orman Quine | 39%
|
Ethics | Roman | His 'Meditations' on Stoic philosophy | Marcus Aurelius | 38%
|
Political Philosophy | English | Justified wide-ranging government powers on the basis that citizens consented to them | Thomas Hobbes | 37%
|
Political Philosophy | British | Believed that economic theory and philosophy should play a role in politics | John Stuart Mill | 34%
|
Christian Theology | Roman | Adapted Classical thought to Christian teaching and created a powerful theological system | Augustine of Hippo | 33%
|
Epistemology | Dutch | Solved the mind-body dilemma by maintaining that God and Nature are one | Baruch Spinoza | 32%
|
Logic | Greek | Founded the Stoic school of philosophy | Zeno of Citium | 32%
|
Metaphysics | Greek | His ingenious paradoxes related to the concepts of continuity and infinity | Zeno of Elea | 32%
|
Political Philosophy | French | Pioneering figure of contemporary philosophical feminism | Simone de Beauvoir | 31%
|
Natural Philosophy | English | Thought to be the father of empiricism; contributed to the development of the scientific method | Francis Bacon | 29%
|
Asceticism | Greek | Advocated complete truthfulness at all times, developed cynicism | Diogenes | 28%
|
Metaphysics | German | Reinvigorated phenomenology; contributed to new movements such as postmodernism | Martin Heidegger | 28%
|
Logic | British | Championing logicism; and refining predictable calculus | Bertrand Russell | 27%
|
Aesthetics | German | Developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that rejected the ideas of German idealism. | Arthur Schopenhauer | 26%
|
Metaphysics | Austrian | He developed a metaphysical dualism that distinguishes radically between mind | Ludwig Wittgenstein | 26%
|
Metaphysics | Greek | Taught that the basic constituents of the world are atoms | Epicurus | 24%
|
Christian Theology | Italian | Primarily known for his five proofs of God's existence | Thomas Aquinas | 24%
|
Political Philosophy | British | Founded modern utilitarianism | Jeremy Bentham | 23%
|
History | French | Traced the development of Western civilization | Michel Foucault | 23%
|
Political Philosophy | French | Promoted the separation of state powers: executive, legislative and judicial | Montesquieu | 23%
|
Metaphysics | Greek | The formulation of an atomic theory of the universe | Democritus | 22%
|
Mathematics | German | Proposed that the universe is made of an infinite number of simple substances known as 'monads' | Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz | 21%
|
Philosophy of Language | American | Aimed to understand the tools and means through which children acquire language | Noam Chomsky | 21%
|
Metaphysics | Greek | Said that fire forms the basic material principle of the universe | Heracleitus | 20%
|
Epistemology | French | Developing a form of semiotic analysis known as 'deconstruction' | Jacques Derrida | 18%
|
Medicine | Arab | Invented an instrument for observing the coordinates of a star | Avicenna | 16%
|
Epistemology | British | Led the turn from idealism and became known for advocating common-sense concepts | G.E. Moore | 16%
|
Metaphysics | Irish | Founded idealism, the doctrine that there is not a material world | George Berkeley | 16%
|
Rationality | Austrian | His rejection of the inductive method in the empirical sciences | Karl Popper | 16%
|
Ontology | German | Established the school of phenomenology | Edmund Husserl | 14%
|
Political Philosophy | American | His "justice as fairness" recommends equal basic liberties to eliminate inequality | John Rawls | 14%
|
Islamic Theology | Sephardic Jewish | Argued that Torah contained philosophical wisdom and that its complete understanding is philosophical | Moses Maimonides | 13%
|
Ontology | Greek | Invented the method of reasoned proof for assertions | Parmenides | 13%
|
Pragmatism | American | Known for greatly advancing the movement of pragmatism in philosophy | William James | 13%
|
Epistemology | French | One of the founders of sociology, and believed that it could unite all sciences | Auguste Comte | 12%
|
Islamic Theology | Andalusian | Influenced educational matters and promote harmony between philosophy and religion. | Averroës | 12%
|
Political Philosophy | German | Studied the tradition of philosophic thought from the vantage point of its self-conscious conclusion | Hannah Arendt | 12%
|
Epistemology | American | Leading proponent of pragmatism, one that favoured a more naturalistic approach | John Dewey | 12%
|
Social Theory | German | Argued that technological transformations had morphed the public sphere for the better | Jürgeb Habermas | 11%
|
Ethics | Australian | Teaches the application of morality to practical problems based on philosophical thinking | Peter Singer | 11%
|
Platonism | Roman | Developed a spiritual cosmology involving three elements: the One, the Intelligence, and the Soul | Plotinus | 11%
|
Philosophy of Science | American | Argued that scientific fields undergo periodic "paradigm shifts" | Thomas S. Kuhn | 11%
|
Natural Philosophy | English | Challenged scholasticism and the papacy, contributing to the end of the medieval period | William of Ockham | 11%
|
Christian Theology | Italian | Known for discovering the “ontological argument;” and in theology for his doctrine of the atonement. | Anselm of Canterbury | 10%
|
Sociology | German | Argued that a capitalist society was a mass, consumer society | Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno | 10%
|
Mathematics | German | Founded analytic philosophy; gave rise to the linguistic turn in philosophy | Gottlob Frege | 7%
|
Metaphysics | French | His theory of “duration,” which he understands to be the ultimate and irreducible reality | Henri Bergson | 7%
|
Biology | British | Developed and applied evolutionary theory to philosophy | Herbert Spencer | 7%
|
Mathematics | Roman | Was the leader of the Neoplatonist school of philosophy in Alexandria | Hypatia | 7%
|
Metaphysics | Scottish | Contributed to the development of a metaphysical system that was compatible with Christianity | John Duns Scotus | 7%
|
Ethics | Chinese | Advocated light taxes, free trade and conservation of natural resources | Mencius | 7%
|
Epistemology | Greek | Founded skepticism | Pyrrho | 7%
|
Political Philosophy | American | His rigorous defense of libertarianism | Robert Nozick | 7%
|
Epistemology | Roman | Said that all things tend to the good, and also that things are by nature like what they desire | Boethius | 6%
|
Metaphysics | American | His foundational work in the metaphysics of modality | David Kellogg Lewis | 6%
|
Epistemology | Italian | Invented the philosophy of history | Giambattista Vico | 6%
|
Islamic Theology | Andalusian | Said that by self manifestation, one acquires divine knowledge: "the primordial spirit of Muhammad" | Ibn al-'Arabī | 6%
|
Jewish Theology | German | Combined Judaism with the rationalism of the Enlightenment | Moses Mendelssohn | 6%
|
Logic | French | Championed the use of reason in matters of faith; and his systematic treatment of religious doctrines | Peter Abelard | 6%
|
Philosophy of Language | American | Blended expertise in philosophy and comparative literature into a perspective called 'neopragmatism' | Richard Rorty | 6%
|
Metaphysics | British | Argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects | Alfred North Whitehead | 5%
|
Islamic Theology | Persian | Developed of a systematic view of Sufism and its integration and acceptance in mainstream Islam | Al-Ghazālī | 5%
|
Islamic Theology | Arab | Wrote books detailing on geometry, logic, physics and medicine | Al-Kindī | 5%
|
Ethics | British | Revivified moral philosophy; and pioneered the current debates on personal identity and the self | Bernard Williams | 5%
|
Jewish Theology | Roman | Used philosophy to defend and justify religious teachings | Philo | 5%
|
Logic | American | Undermined the conventional assumption that all and only necessary propositions are a priori | Saul Kripke | 5%
|
Daoism | Chinese | Promoted and developed Daoist thought | Zhuang Zhou | 5%
|
Epistemology | British | Promoting logical positivism | A.J. Ayer | 4%
|
Metaphysics | (Asian) | Contributed heavily to the fields of logic, mathematics, music, psychology, sociology and medicine | Al-Fārābī | 4%
|
Ontology | Austrian | His thesis of dialogical existence | Martin Buber | 4%
|
Logic | German | Made significant contributions to philosophy of science, philosophy of language and probability | Rudolf Carnap | 4%
|
Epistemology | Greek | Stated that the ultimate goal of philosophical research is to achieve tranquility, or a state of ataraxia | Sextus Empiricus | 4%
|
History | Italian | Developed a theory of circularity among “moments” of the four aspects of spirit, which history captured | Benedetto Croce | 3%
|
Buddhism | Indian | Articulated the doctrine of emptiness, founded the Madhyamika (“Middle Way”) school | Nagarjuna | 3%
|
Anthropology | German | His philosophy of life that perceived man in his historical contingency | Wilhelm Dilthey | 3%
|
Hinduism | Indian | Reforming the Vedanta tradition of Hinduism, making it one of India's most important "spiritual traditions" | Adi Shankara | 2%
|
Metaphysics | Japanese | Taught that the “Non-self ” is the ultimate reality where all subject–object cleavage is overcome | Kitarō Nishida | 2%
|
Political Philosophy | French | Advocated economic freedom, religious toleration and legal and educational reform | Nicolas de Condorcet | 2%
|
Hinduism | Indian | Developed the intellectual basis for the practice of bhakti (devotional worship) in three commentaries | Rāmānuja | 2%
|
Buddhism | Japanese | Taught that Pure Land Buddhism was the most efficacious path in the present age of mappō | Shinran | 2%
|
Neoplatonism | Andalusian | Developed the doctrine that all things are comprised of matter and form | Solomon ibn Gabirol | 2%
|
Philosophy of Mind | American | Developed critical realism | Wilfrid Sellars | 2%
|
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