Official and Regional Languages of Europe on a Map
While the most important language (or languages) of a country are typically official at the national level, many countries also recognise smaller and/or historically important languages at the regional level. Can you name all 73 languages shown on the map below?
Includes de facto national languages
Dialects are grouped together, although (mostly historical) dialect divisions are specified on the map
Figures for the total speakers of each language family should be taken as estimations and do not include immigrant/'non-European' languages
I have used political definitions in other parts of this quiz, however I cannot deny that Serbo-Croatian is a single language in every way besides the politics. They are even based on the same dialect of Shtokavian. Apologies for any inconsistency.
You don't need to apologise at all, you've done a great job, truly! :)
It's very hard to judge whether Serbo-Croatian is one language or several, though. I have a few friends from that region. I asked them once if they needed to translate from one language to another. They said people who had grown up in the former Yugoslavia could perfectly understand one another, but for young people it was increasingly difficult.
I thought it was because of rapid changes; they said it wasn't, it was because Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian and Montenegrin had been separate languages for a while, but no one had noticed back in Yugoslavia, because every TV channel and radio station had broadcast programmes in every language. People at that time were actually multilingual without even noticing it. Now that they don't have the same stations and channels and more, the languages appear to be more and more different.
Of course if you're from that area, you know better. I don't know where you're from.
It is a very interesting dilemma, and I can see how the line becomes very unclear. Without exposure I have heard that speakers of High German in Berlin have a hard time understanding people who speak Swiss German or Austro-Bavarian German, yet those are commonly considered the same language. In this case, I saved myself from a difficult decision and went with Serbo-Croatian, as it is most common on other Jetpunk quizzes. If not for the quiz format.
I try and listen to the opinions of people from the locale, but I also take perspectives into account. For example a Portuguese speaker is likely to claim that Galician is a Portuguese dialect, while Galician speakers are likely to claim that Galician is a completely different language.
Yes, you're right. And Norwegian and Swedish are definitely considered two different languages (Norwegian is, in fact, not one language but two), and yet they are mutually intelligible, at least that's what a Norwegian colleague has told me.
Indeed they are (at least when written for Norwegian), and while most people write in Bokmål, in a professional setting I hear it is polite to respond to people in Nynorsk, if, say they send you an email using that written standard.
Irish has many more L2 speakers and learners, with over a million able to speak it (to some degree). The Gaeltacht, or the area in which the majority speaks Irish as a first language, is depressingly small though.
Absolutely loving this quiz! Such a lot of effort has obviously gone into both the research and the map.
I got 51 on my first try, which I'm fairly happy with. After looking at the answers I missed, there are only another four that I've heard of (and only one of them, Maltese, was particularly silly to forget), so I probably couldn't have gotten much better.
Thank you for the kind words! I enjoy sharing my interests through quizzes like these. 51 is a great score indeed, especially considering all the obscure languages here :)
If it has some connotation behind it then I have no problem changing it, although from my end it looks simply like the variant flag of Poland. I don't want to claim to support anything, through what otherwise is a fun visual display.
West Frisian is incorrect for the Dutch province Friesland.
They speak in Friesland Frisian.
There is a dialect called "West-Fries" (West Frisian) which is spoken in the region West-Friesland, which is in the province North-Holland. This dialect is complete different from Frisian.
The French government is incredibly stubborn about French being the only official language - a supposedly unifying policy that has its roots in the Revolution, but which has caused a lot of fallout since.
Great quiz and map, well done with this. I'm curious why Welsh is shown only for the north west of Wales though it's an official language for the whole of Wales.
Some people consider Kabardian to be a dialect of Adyghe but it's not determined the level of mutual intelligibility they share. They are both Circassian languages. Abaza, on the other hand, is closer to Abkhaz.
Among Circassians (myself one), Kabardian is usually considered a dialect of the main language since it is one of the 12 tribes. I just wasn't sure about overall recognition.
Interesting. While Russia recognises them as distinct, with language it is all grey space, language and dialects are just terms we invented to organise them, after all (since you were thinking about recognition). Thank you for bringing this to my attention, and it is nice to hear your thoughts as someone with connection to the language. I hadn't stopped to consider it before, and I am happy to learn more about the languages of the Caucasus :)
Thanks! Karelian is not official in Karelia and that is why it wasn't included. I get the feeling it would be considered a dialect of Finnish if it were eligible anyhow.
Random realization: Bolivia alone has over half the official languages of Europe (37) if I'm basing it off this quiz. Though it is a bit cheaty since at least 1 is extinct and 2 are getting close.
It is a little crazy to think of, although it makes sense considering that the country has been giving more recognition to its majority Indigenous population (such as making the second national flag the Wiphala). Be sure to revise them before the South American quiz comes out :)
Thank you! My primary source is this Wikipedia article however I did more research too, just that the article was the backbone of the quiz. Wikipedia was a huge help :)
I'd like to point out that besides Finnish, Sami and Romani, Meänkieli and Yiddish also have official minority language status in Sweden. And Scots has official status in Scotland.
I did not include so-called dialects, and so that changes the landscape entirely. Also, it is about languages official in specific regions rather than recognised minority languages. Otherwise, Vietnamese would be on this quiz because of the Czech Republic (and something about that just doesn't feel right!)
Scots is not a 'so-called dialect,' it is an official language in Scotland and also spoken in Northern Ireland. The language has about 2 million speakers total in the UK.
Thank you! Only Russian is official in Karelia, unfortunately, although I'm considering starting a Uralic Languages quiz and Karelian will feature in that one for sure :)
I think the Union Jack is appropriate here, given that it is the most common symbol used for the English Language (and that the English language has a strong majority across the UK).
Have just found this delightful quiz again and managed a tiny improvement :) - thank you.
Particlarly enjoyed reading the comments, interesting and nearly all constructive, unlike the carping, points-scoring mentality one gets on many of the other chats.
Linguists must be a particularly nice bunch of people!
Glad to hear you enjoyed the quiz on your second go!
One thing I noticed on Jetpunk is that my larger projects like this one tend to bring out a lot more passion in other quiztakers too. Linguists can talk about their hobbies here and non-linguists may be inspired to talk about their local minority languages as well. I like doing big projects here for that reason.
It's usually my smaller projects where I see more nitpicking in the comments. I still appreciate nitpickers though, I cannot imagine Jetpunk without that aspect, haha :)
Great quiz, Jiaozira, but I'm afraid I gave up when Breton was not recognized. I don't see that this is not a recognized language; it's taught in schools, just as Scottish Gaelic is, even though, like Gaelic, there are fewer and fewer native speakers. I'm sure I will come back to your quiz though, and love the time and research you have spent on it.
Thank you, I wish you luck when you return. The reason Breton is not accepted, is because it is not recognised by the governments of France or Bretagne, to the same degree that Scottish Gaelic is recognised by the government of Scotland. For me, it is the biggest loss of all the languages I didn't include, although unfortunately I cannot add it until either government changes their policy (I have to set certain limits because otherwise the quiz will be at least 200 languages).
I Love this quiz! It's my favorite quiz on the site. I've done it dozens of times, I would love an african or american one, This quiz is one of the reasons i subscribed to you, I love your language quizzes!
Thank you so much broomhead, this makes me happy to hear!
I would love to do an African version someday soon, and I'd be happy to finish my American quiz too. I've been pretty busy these days but it's only a matter of when rather than if :)
what is your source? 12 million Turkish speakers from an 80 million population and a weirdly split Turkish map is certainly random and odd. So I am curious how you came to this conclusion?
12 million Turkish speakers on the European continent, the rest are in Asia. I made the decision to highlight the Asian portion of Turkey so that the language was more visible, although of course this is inconsistent with how I drew the Russian language stopping at the Ural divide.
As for the division in Turkey, it is because of the spread of the Kurdish language. The area is almost certainly exaggerated, and I believe the majority Kurdish areas are much smaller, but I have struggled to find more realistic maps for a long time now.
Turkish in Bulgaria seems wrong, turkish is mostly spoken in western thrace and dobruja but I don't think that anybody speaks turkish in the southern black sea coast of bulgaria
I chose to draw the maximum extent of the languages (except for Russia which is more neatly divided into European and Asian portions). This means that Cyprus is covered by Greek and Turkish.
While "Mirandese" is correct, it would be better to refer to the wider name of "Asturleonese" (which includes the linguonyms "Mirandese", "Asturian", and "Leonese", all of them with different degrees of official recognition).
I can understand the exclusion of Kazakh (albeit a bit dubious if Turkish is also considered) but why are bits of Dagestan greyed out? I did some digging on Wikipedia and found a list of commonly considered official languages and a language map of the region. I'm not seeing anything in the caveats that would fully warrant their omission.
For some reason, my source suggested that Russia had several fewer official languages at the regional level. Dagestani languages should be filled in + a couple others soon.
What is the status on Low German? Do you consider it only a dialect or is there another reason you left it out? Because i think i heard that it is its own language but i`m honestly not sure. But great work, love the quiz!
Low German is a language on its own and is recognized as a minority language in Germany (and even the Netherlands I think). It is not a dialect of German. It should be included.
It's very hard to judge whether Serbo-Croatian is one language or several, though. I have a few friends from that region. I asked them once if they needed to translate from one language to another. They said people who had grown up in the former Yugoslavia could perfectly understand one another, but for young people it was increasingly difficult.
I thought it was because of rapid changes; they said it wasn't, it was because Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian and Montenegrin had been separate languages for a while, but no one had noticed back in Yugoslavia, because every TV channel and radio station had broadcast programmes in every language. People at that time were actually multilingual without even noticing it. Now that they don't have the same stations and channels and more, the languages appear to be more and more different.
Of course if you're from that area, you know better. I don't know where you're from.
It is a very interesting dilemma, and I can see how the line becomes very unclear. Without exposure I have heard that speakers of High German in Berlin have a hard time understanding people who speak Swiss German or Austro-Bavarian German, yet those are commonly considered the same language. In this case, I saved myself from a difficult decision and went with Serbo-Croatian, as it is most common on other Jetpunk quizzes. If not for the quiz format.
I try and listen to the opinions of people from the locale, but I also take perspectives into account. For example a Portuguese speaker is likely to claim that Galician is a Portuguese dialect, while Galician speakers are likely to claim that Galician is a completely different language.
I got 51 on my first try, which I'm fairly happy with. After looking at the answers I missed, there are only another four that I've heard of (and only one of them, Maltese, was particularly silly to forget), so I probably couldn't have gotten much better.
Well done on a great quiz.
They speak in Friesland Frisian.
There is a dialect called "West-Fries" (West Frisian) which is spoken in the region West-Friesland, which is in the province North-Holland. This dialect is complete different from Frisian.
Also curious as to why Breton is not listed.
Breton lacks much recognition in its native Brittany, so it is not included. Same goes for Friulian, perhaps the most significant language left out.
(Joking. I'm excited for the next one, South America or otherwise)
10/10
Particlarly enjoyed reading the comments, interesting and nearly all constructive, unlike the carping, points-scoring mentality one gets on many of the other chats.
Linguists must be a particularly nice bunch of people!
One thing I noticed on Jetpunk is that my larger projects like this one tend to bring out a lot more passion in other quiztakers too. Linguists can talk about their hobbies here and non-linguists may be inspired to talk about their local minority languages as well. I like doing big projects here for that reason.
It's usually my smaller projects where I see more nitpicking in the comments. I still appreciate nitpickers though, I cannot imagine Jetpunk without that aspect, haha :)
I would love to do an African version someday soon, and I'd be happy to finish my American quiz too. I've been pretty busy these days but it's only a matter of when rather than if :)
As for the division in Turkey, it is because of the spread of the Kurdish language. The area is almost certainly exaggerated, and I believe the majority Kurdish areas are much smaller, but I have struggled to find more realistic maps for a long time now.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturleonese_language
Can I translate the quiz to German?