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Scottish. Author of "An Inquiry into the nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations", which helped found the Classical School of Economics. Created the metaphor of the "invisible hand".
Smith
French. Leader of the Physiocrats, the first systematic school of economic thought.
Quesnay
Canadian. "The Affluent Society" and "The New Industrial State".
Galbraith
English. "Principles of Economics", which introduced the notion of consumer surplus, quasi rent, demand curves, and elasticity.
Marshall
English. Famous for "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money". Argued that the best way to deal with prolonged recessions was deficit spending.
Keynes
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English. Social philosopher. Known for "Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy". Examined the necessity of private property in "Principles of Political Economy".
Mill
German. Historian and social philosopher. Extended the labor theory of value to conclusion, which he called surplus value. Defended historical materialism in Das Kapital.
Marx
English. Known for "Principles of Political Economy and Taxation", which introduced comparative advantage and provided justification for international trade. Put forth the Iron Law of Wages.
Ricardo
American. Conservative thinker, advocated for monetarism in works like "A Monetary History of the United States". Associated with the ideals of Laissez-faire government policy.
Friedman
American. Remembered for "The Theory of the Leisure Class", which introduced phrases like "conspicuous consumption". Compared ostentation of the rich to the Darwinian proofs of virility found in the animal kingdom